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This systematic literature review examines the critical challenges and solutions related to scalability and maintainability in Machine Learning (ML) systems. As ML applications become increasingly complex and widespread across industries,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Karthik Shivashankar , Ghadi S. Al Hajj , Antonio Martini

Machine learning algorithms are increasingly influencing our decisions and interacting with us in all parts of our daily lives. Therefore, just like for power plants, highways, and myriad other engineered sociotechnical systems, we must…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-01-19 Kush R. Varshney

Dynamical systems that evolve continuously over time are ubiquitous throughout science and engineering. Machine learning (ML) provides data-driven approaches to model and predict the dynamics of such systems. A core issue with this approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Aditi S. Krishnapriyan , Alejandro F. Queiruga , N. Benjamin Erichson , Michael W. Mahoney

While incorporating LLMs into systems offers significant benefits in critical application areas such as healthcare, new security challenges emerge due to the potential cyber kill chain cycles that combine adversarial model, prompt injection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Neha Nagaraja , Hayretdin Bahsi

Autonomous vehicles rely on machine learning to solve challenging tasks in perception and motion planning. However, automotive software safety standards have not fully evolved to address the challenges of machine learning safety such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Sina Mohseni , Mandar Pitale , Vasu Singh , Zhangyang Wang

Nowadays, intelligent systems and services are getting increasingly popular as they provide data-driven solutions to diverse real-world problems, thanks to recent breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Md Saidur Rahman , Foutse Khomh , Alaleh Hamidi , Jinghui Cheng , Giuliano Antoniol , Hironori Washizaki

The increasing use of Machine Learning (ML) components embedded in autonomous systems -- so-called Learning-Enabled Systems (LESs) -- has resulted in the pressing need to assure their functional safety. As for traditional functional safety,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Yi Dong , Wei Huang , Vibhav Bharti , Victoria Cox , Alec Banks , Sen Wang , Xingyu Zhao , Sven Schewe , Xiaowei Huang

As the shortage of skilled workers continues to be a pressing issue, exacerbated by demographic change, it is becoming a critical challenge for organizations to preserve the knowledge of retiring experts and to pass it on to novices. While…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Philipp Spitzer , Niklas Kühl , Daniel Heinz , Gerhard Satzger

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising tool for developing controllers for real world systems (e.g., robotics, autonomous driving, etc.). However, real systems often have constraints imposed on their state space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Akshita Gupta , Inseok Hwang

As testified by new regulations like the European AI Act, worries about the human and societal impact of (autonomous) software technologies are becoming of public concern. Human, societal, and environmental values, alongside traditional…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Marco Autili , Martina De Sanctis , Paola Inverardi , Patrizio Pelliccione

The rise of machine learning (ML) and its integration into software systems has drastically changed development practices. While software engineering traditionally focused on manually created code artifacts with dedicated processes and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yorick Sens , Henriette Knopp , Sven Peldszus , Thorsten Berger

Despite the extent of recent advances in Machine Learning (ML) and Neural Networks, providing formal guarantees on the behavior of these systems is still an open problem, and a crucial requirement for their adoption in regulated or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Matteo Francobaldi , Michele Lombardi

Social sustainability in software development means creating and maintaining systems that promote pro-social values (e.g., human well-being, equity), both now and in the future. However, social sustainability lacks clear conceptual and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Bimpe Ayoola , Anielle Andrade , Ronnie de Souza Santos , Paul Ralph

The increasing reliance on applications with machine learning (ML) components calls for mature engineering techniques that ensure these are built in a robust and future-proof manner. We aim to empirically determine the state of the art in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-30 Alex Serban , Koen van der Blom , Holger Hoos , Joost Visser

The irresponsible use of ML algorithms in practical settings has received a lot of deserved attention in the recent years. We posit that the traditional system analysis perspective is needed when designing and implementing ML algorithms and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Virginia H. Goodwin , Rajmonda S. Caceres

Privacy and security challenges in Machine Learning (ML) have become increasingly severe, along with ML's pervasive development and the recent demonstration of large attack surfaces. As a mature system-oriented approach, Confidential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Fan Mo , Zahra Tarkhani , Hamed Haddadi

Continuous integration is an indispensable step of modern software engineering practices to systematically manage the life cycles of system development. Developing a machine learning model is no difference - it is an engineering process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-04 Cedric Renggli , Bojan Karlaš , Bolin Ding , Feng Liu , Kevin Schawinski , Wentao Wu , Ce Zhang

The challenges related to dependable complex systems are heterogeneous and involve different aspects of the system. On one hand, the decision-making processes need to take into account many options. On the other hand, the design of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Felicien Ihirwe , Silvia Mazzini , Pierluigi Pierini , Alberto Debiasi , Stefano Tonetta

The increasing popularity of machine learning approaches and the rising awareness of data protection and data privacy presents an opportunity to build truly secure and trustworthy healthcare systems. Regulations such as GDPR and HIPAA…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Goutham Ramakrishnan , Aditya Nori , Hannah Murfet , Pashmina Cameron

In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, multimodal learning systems (MMLS) have gained traction for their ability to process and integrate information from diverse modality inputs. Their expanding use in vital sectors…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Tianyi Zhao , Liangliang Zhang , Yao Ma , Lu Cheng