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Missing data is a ubiquitous challenge in data analysis, often leading to biased and inaccurate results. Traditional imputation methods usually assume that the missingness mechanism is missing-at-random (MAR), where the missingness is…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-30 Huiming Xie , Fei Xue , Xiao Wang

Graphical models can represent a multivariate distribution in a convenient and accessible form as a graph. Causal models can be viewed as a special class of graphical models that not only represent the distribution of the observed system…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-06-29 Christina Heinze-Deml , Marloes H. Maathuis , Nicolai Meinshausen

Regression models with functional responses and covariates constitute a powerful and increasingly important model class. However, regression with functional data poses well known and challenging problems of non-identifiability. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-02-22 Fabian Scheipl , Sonja Greven

This paper explores the identification and estimation of nonseparable panel data models. We show that the structural function is nonparametrically identified when it is strictly increasing in a scalar unobservable variable, the conditional…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-11-09 Takuya Ishihara

This paper studies the causal representation learning problem when the latent causal variables are observed indirectly through an unknown linear transformation. The objectives are: (i) recovering the unknown linear transformation (up to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-02 Burak Varici , Emre Acarturk , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Abhishek Kumar , Ali Tajer

Identifiability concerns finding which unknown parameters of a model can be estimated from given input-output data. If some subset of the parameters of a model cannot be determined given input-output data, then we say the model is…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2014-11-03 Nicolette Meshkat , Seth Sullivant , Marisa Eisenberg

In nonlinear latent variable models or dynamic models, if we consider the latent variables as confounders (common causes), the noise dependencies imply further relations between the observed variables. Such models are then closely related…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Kun Zhang , Bernhard Schoelkopf , Dominik Janzing

A general framework for dealing with both linear regression and clustering problems is described. It includes Gaussian clusterwise linear regression analysis with random covariates and cluster analysis via Gaussian mixture models with…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-10-13 Giuliano Galimberti , Annamaria Manisi , Gabriele Soffritti

This paper considers the problem of learning, from samples, the dependency structure of a system of linear stochastic differential equations, when some of the variables are latent. In particular, we observe the time evolution of some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-05-02 Ali Jalali , Sujay Sanghavi

One critical challenge of time-series modeling is how to learn and quickly correct the model under unknown distribution shifts. In this work, we propose a principled framework, called LiLY, to first recover time-delayed latent causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-25 Weiran Yao , Guangyi Chen , Kun Zhang

Many real-world datasets contain hidden structure that cannot be detected by simple linear correlations between input features. For example, latent factors may influence the data in a coordinated way, even though their effect is invisible…

We introduce Latent Gaussian Process Regression which is a latent variable extension allowing modelling of non-stationary multi-modal processes using GPs. The approach is built on extending the input space of a regression problem with a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-09-19 Erik Bodin , Neill D. F. Campbell , Carl Henrik Ek

Differential equations and numerical methods are extensively used to model various real-world phenomena in science and engineering. With modern developments, we aim to find the underlying differential equation from a single observation of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-10 Roy Y. He , Hao Liu , Wenjing Liao , Sung Ha Kang

Existing works in optimal filtering for linear Gaussian systems with arbitrary unknown inputs assume perfect knowledge of the noise covariances in the filter design. This is impractical and raises the question of whether and under what…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-11 He Kong , Salah Sukkarieh , Travis J. Arnold , Tianshi Chen , Wei Xing Zheng

We study causal representation learning, the task of inferring latent causal variables and their causal relations from high-dimensional mixtures of the variables. Prior work relies on weak supervision, in the form of counterfactual pre- and…

It is commonplace to encounter nonstationary data, of which the underlying generating process may change over time or across domains. The nonstationarity presents both challenges and opportunities for causal discovery. In this paper we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-06-21 Kun Zhang , Biwei Huang , Jiji Zhang , Bernhard Schölkopf , Clark Glymour

The goal of Causal Discovery is to find automated search methods for learning causal structures from observational data. In some cases all variables of the interested causal mechanism are measured, and the task is to predict the effects one…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-11 Shuyan Wang

Many real-world decision-making tasks require learning causal relationships between a set of variables. Traditional causal discovery methods, however, require that all variables are observed, which is often not feasible in practical…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-27 Raj Agrawal , Chandler Squires , Neha Prasad , Caroline Uhler

Addressing selection bias in latent variable causal discovery is important yet underexplored, largely due to a lack of suitable statistical tools: While various tools beyond basic conditional independencies have been developed to handle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Haoyue Dai , Yiwen Qiu , Ignavier Ng , Xinshuai Dong , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

We introduce state-space models where the functionals of the observational and the evolutionary equations are unknown, and treated as random functions evolving with time. Thus, our model is nonparametric and generalizes the traditional…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-02-24 Anurag Ghosh , Soumalya Mukhopadhyay , Sandipan Roy , Sourabh Bhattacharya