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Since the mid-10s, the era of Deep Learning (DL) has continued to this day, bringing forth new superlatives and innovations each year. Nevertheless, the speed with which these innovations translate into real applications lags behind this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Saifullah Saifullah , Dominique Mercier , Adriano Lucieri , Andreas Dengel , Sheraz Ahmed

The ever-growing complexity of optical communication systems and networks demands sophisticated methodologies to extract meaningful insights from vast amounts of heterogeneous data. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have emerged…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-25 M. A. Amirabadi , S. A. Nezamalhosseini , M. H. Kahaei , Lawrence R. Chen

This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) on the explainability and interpretability of machine learning (ML) models within the context of predictive process mining, using the PRISMA framework. Given the rapid advancement of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Nijat Mehdiyev , Maxim Majlatow , Peter Fettke

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a popular machine learning paradigm where intelligent agents interact with the environment to fulfill a long-term goal. Driven by the resurgence of deep learning, Deep RL (DRL) has witnessed great success over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Yunpeng Qing , Shunyu Liu , Jie Song , Yang Zhou , Kaixuan Chen , Huiqiong Wang , Mingli Song

Explainability for Large Language Models (LLMs) is a critical yet challenging aspect of natural language processing. As LLMs are increasingly integral to diverse applications, their "black-box" nature sparks significant concerns regarding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Haoyan Luo , Lucia Specia

Deep Learning has become overly complicated and has enjoyed stellar success in solving several classical problems like image classification, object detection, etc. Several methods for explaining these decisions have been proposed. Black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Siddhant Agarwal , Owais Iqbal , Sree Aditya Buridi , Madda Manjusha , Abir Das

Clinical adoption of deep learning models has been hindered, in part, because the black-box nature of neural networks leads to concerns regarding their trustworthiness and reliability. These concerns are particularly relevant in the field…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-27 Lindsay Munroe , Mariana da Silva , Faezeh Heidari , Irina Grigorescu , Simon Dahan , Emma C. Robinson , Maria Deprez , Po-Wah So

The current state of the art systems in Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled intrusion detection use a variety of black box methods. These black box methods are generally trained using Error Based Learning (EBL) techniques with a focus on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Jesse Ables , Thomas Kirby , Sudip Mittal , Ioana Banicescu , Shahram Rahimi , William Anderson , Maria Seale

Explainability is motivated by the lack of transparency of black-box Machine Learning approaches, which do not foster trust and acceptance of Machine Learning algorithms. This also happens in the Predictive Process Monitoring field, where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Williams Rizzi , Marco Comuzzi , Chiara Di Francescomarino , Chiara Ghidini , Suhwan Lee , Fabrizio Maria Maggi , Alexander Nolte

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to cybersecurity challenges has gained traction in industry and academia, partially as a result of widespread malware attacks on critical systems such as cloud…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Subash Neupane , Jesse Ables , William Anderson , Sudip Mittal , Shahram Rahimi , Ioana Banicescu , Maria Seale

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising approach to enhancing Explainable AI (XAI) by transforming complex machine learning outputs into easy-to-understand narratives, making model predictions more accessible to users, and helping…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Ahsan Bilal , David Ebert , Beiyu Lin

A major requirement for credit scoring models is to provide a maximally accurate risk prediction. Additionally, regulators demand these models to be transparent and auditable. Thus, in credit scoring, very simple predictive models such as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-30 Michael Bücker , Gero Szepannek , Alicja Gosiewska , Przemyslaw Biecek

Neural networks are ubiquitous in applied machine learning for education. Their pervasive success in predictive performance comes alongside a severe weakness, the lack of explainability of their decisions, especially relevant in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Vinitra Swamy , Bahar Radmehr , Natasa Krco , Mirko Marras , Tanja Käser

Artificial intelligence (AI) provides many opportunities to improve private and public life. Discovering patterns and structures in large troves of data in an automated manner is a core component of data science, and currently drives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Vaishak Belle , Ioannis Papantonis

Explainable artificial intelligence and interpretable machine learning are research domains growing in importance. Yet, the underlying concepts remain somewhat elusive and lack generally agreed definitions. While recent inspiration from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Kacper Sokol , Peter Flach

Intelligent communication is gradually considered as the mainstream direction in future wireless communications. As a major branch of machine learning, deep learning (DL) has been applied in physical layer communications and has…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Hengtao He , Shi Jin , Chao-Kai Wen , Feifei Gao , Geoffrey Ye Li , Zongben Xu

There has been a large number of studies in interpretable and explainable ML for cybersecurity, in particular, for intrusion detection. Many of these studies have significant amount of overlapping and repeated evaluations and analysis. At…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Omer Subasi , Johnathan Cree , Joseph Manzano , Elena Peterson

The interpretability of ML models is important, but it is not clear what it amounts to. So far, most philosophers have discussed the lack of interpretability of black-box models such as neural networks, and methods such as explainable AI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Tim Räz

Machine learning (ML) has seen significant growth in both popularity and importance. The high prediction accuracy of ML models is often achieved through complex black-box architectures that are difficult to interpret. This interpretability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-29 David Köhler , David Rügamer , Matthias Schmid

Multi-label learning is a rapidly growing research area that aims to predict multiple labels from a single input data point. In the era of big data, tasks involving multi-label classification (MLC) or ranking present significant and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Adane Nega Tarekegn , Mohib Ullah , Faouzi Alaya Cheikh