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Quantifying and predicting rare and extreme events persists as a crucial yet challenging task in understanding complex dynamical systems. Many practical challenges arise from the infrequency and severity of these events, including the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-23 Kai Chang , Themistoklis P. Sapsis

Earthquakes are complex physical processes driven by the stick-slip motion of a sliding fault. After the main quake, a series of aftershocks typically follows. These are loosely defined as events that follow a given event and occur within…

Geophysics · Physics 2022-12-12 Pinaki Kumar , Roberto Benzi , Jeannot Trampert , Federico Toschi

A novel geomechanics concept is presented for studying the behavior of geomaterials and structures by capturing the underlying dynamics as realistically as possible for earthquake excitation applied in time domain. Enormous amount of…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Achintya Haldara , J. Ramon Gaxiola Camachob , Hamoon Azizsoltanic , Francisco J. Villegas-Mercadoa , S. Mohsen Vazirizadea

The accurate and automated determination of earthquake locations is still a challenging endeavor. However, such information is critical for monitoring seismic activity and assessing potential hazards in real time. Recently, a convolutional…

Geophysics · Physics 2020-03-03 Xiong Zhang , Jie Zhang , Congcong Yuan , Sen Liu , Zhibo Chen , Weiping Li

The epidemic-type aftershock sequence model (ETAS) is a simple stochastic process modeling seismicity, based on the two best-established empirical laws, the Omori law (power law decay ~1/t^{1+\theta} of seismicity after an earthquake) and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-07 A. Helmstetter , D. Sornette

Forecast models in statistical seismology are commonly evaluated with log-likelihood scores of the full distribution P(n) of earthquake numbers, yet heavy tails and out-of-range observations can bias model ranking. We develop a tail-aware…

Geophysics · Physics 2026-02-24 Jiawei Li , Qingyuan Zhang , Didier Sornette

Magnetic field variations are detected before rupture in the form of `spikes' of alternating sign. The distinction of these `spikes' from random noise is of major practical importance, since it is easier to conduct magnetic field…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-13 P. A. Varotsos , N. V. Sarlis , E. S. Skordas

The Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequences (ETAS) model and its variants effectively capture the space-time clustering of seismicity, setting the standard for earthquake forecasting. Accurate unbiased ETAS calibration is thus crucial. But we…

Geophysics · Physics 2025-06-23 Jiawei Li , Didier Sornette , Zhongliang Wu , Jiancang Zhuang , Changsheng Jiang

In statistical seismology, the Epidemic Type Aftershocks Sequence (ETAS) model is a branching process used world-wide to forecast earthquake intensity rates and reproduce many statistical features observed in seismicity catalogs. In this…

Geophysics · Physics 2023-01-09 Lorenzo Cristofaro , Roberto Garra , Enrico Scalas , Ilaria Spassiani

We study statistical properties of the number of large earthquakes over the past century. We analyze the cumulative distribution of the number of earthquakes with magnitude larger than threshold M in time interval T, and quantify the…

Geophysics · Physics 2012-03-30 Eric G. Daub , Eli Ben-Naim , Robert A. Guyer , Paul A. Johnson

Topological Data Analysis (TDA) is a modern approach to Data Analysis focusing on the topological features of data; it has been widely studied in recent years and used extensively in Biology, Physics, and many other areas. However,…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-07-11 Miguel A. Ruiz-Ortiz , José Carlos Gómez-Larrañaga , Jesús Rodríguez-Viorato

Significant advances, both in the theoretical understanding of rupture processes in heterogeneous media and in the methodology for characterizing critical behavior, allows us to reanalyze the evidence for criticality and especially…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-31 A. Johansen , H. Saleur , D. Sornette

Universal shape profiles in a variety of systems contain crucial information on the underlying dynamics. We develop such shape profiles for earthquakes as a stronger test of theory against observations. The earthquake analysis shows good…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Amit P. Mehta , Karin A. Dahmen , Yehuda Ben-Zion

It is given an attempt for statistical estimation of when earthquake prediction for Balkan- Black Sea region using the geomagnetic field signal. The preliminary test of the approach for England (Hartland), Turkey (Kandilli) and India…

Geophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Strachimir Chterev Mavrodiev

Earthquake nowcasting has been proposed as a means of tracking the change in large earthquake potential in a seismically active area. The method was developed using observable seismic data, in which probabilities of future large earthquakes…

Geophysics · Physics 2023-10-24 Ian Baughman , John B Rundle , Tianjin Zhang

The frequency and magnitude of weather extreme events have increased significantly during the past few years in response to anthropogenic climate change. However, global statistical characteristics and underlying physical mechanisms are…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2022-09-07 Qing Yao , Jingfang Fan , Jun Meng , Valerio Lucarini , Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen , Kim Christensen , Xiaosong Chen

Non-inertial afterslip has been inferred to occur following large earthquakes. An explanation for this slow slip phenomenon is that coseismically generated stresses induce sliding on parts of a fault surface with velocity-strengthening…

Geophysics · Physics 2023-08-04 Brendan J. Meade

Statistical tests of earthquake predictions require a null hypothesis to model occasional chance successes. To define and quantify `chance success' is knotty. Some null hypotheses ascribe chance to the Earth: Seismicity is modeled as…

Applications · Statistics 2022-09-21 Brad Luen , Philip B. Stark

Earthquake signals are non-stationary in nature and thus in real-time, it is difficult to identify and classify events based on classical approaches like peak ground displacement, peak ground velocity. Even the popular algorithm of STA/LTA…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-19 Tonumoy Mukherjee , Chandrani Singh , Prabir Kumar Biswas

Active faults release elastic strain energy via a whole continuum of modes of slip, ranging from devastating earthquakes to Slow Slip Events and persistent creep. Understanding the mechanisms controlling the occurrence of rapid, dynamic…

Geophysics · Physics 2017-10-02 Pierre Romanet , Harsha S. Bhat , Romain Jolivet , Raúl Madariaga