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Large-scale quantum computers have the potential to hold computational capabilities beyond conventional computers for certain problems. However, the physical qubits within a quantum computer are prone to noise and decoherence, which must be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-06 Luka Skoric , Dan E. Browne , Kenton M. Barnes , Neil I. Gillespie , Earl T. Campbell

The fragile nature of quantum information limits our ability to construct large quantities of quantum bits suitable for quantum computing. An important goal, therefore, is to minimize the amount of resources required to implement quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-11 Adam Paetznick , Austin G. Fowler

We consider realistic, multi-parameter error models and investigate the performance of the surface code for three possible fault-tolerant superconducting quantum computer architectures. We map amplitude and phase damping to a diagonal Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-12-21 Joydip Ghosh , Austin G. Fowler , Michael R. Geller

Topological quantum error correction is a milestone in the scaling roadmap of quantum computers, which targets circuits with trillions of gates that would allow running quantum algorithms for real-world problems. The square-lattice surface…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-12 César Benito , Esperanza López , Borja Peropadre , Alejandro Bermudez

Fault-tolerant quantum computing will require error rates far below those achievable with physical qubits. Quantum error correction (QEC) bridges this gap, but depends on decoders being simultaneously fast, accurate, and scalable. This…

Powerful Quantum Error Correction Codes (QECCs) are required for stabilizing and protecting fragile qubits against the undesirable effects of quantum decoherence. Similar to classical codes, hashing bound approaching QECCs may be designed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-10 Zunaira Babar , Panagiotis Botsinis , Dimitrios Alanis , Soon Xin Ng , Lajos Hanzo

Large-scale quantum computers promise transformative speedups, but their viability hinges on fast and reliable quantum error correction (QEC). At the center of QEC are decoders-classical algorithms running on hardware such as FPGAs, GPUs,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Satvik Maurya , Abtin Molavi , Aws Albarghouthi , Swamit Tannu

The surface code is one of the leading quantum error correction codes for realizing large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). One major challenge in realizing surface-code-based FTQC is the extremely large number of qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Kohei Fujiu , Shota Nagayama , Shin Nishio , Hideaki Kawaguchi , Takahiko Satoh

Near-term quantum workloads demand error management, yet the two lightest-weight techniques, Quantum Error Detection (QED) and Probabilistic Error Cancellation (PEC), have complementary cost profiles whose joint architectural design space…

Logical gates constitute the building blocks of fault-tolerant quantum computation. While quantum error-corrected memories have been extensively studied in the literature, explicit constructions and detailed analyses of thresholds and…

In the evolving landscape of quantum computing, determining the most efficient parameters for Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is paramount. Various quantum computers possess varied types and amounts of physical noise. Traditionally,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Avimita Chatterjee , Debarshi Kundu , Swaroop Ghosh

Quantum error correction (QEC) is crucial for ensuring the reliability of quantum computers. However, implementing QEC often requires a significant number of qubits, leading to substantial overhead. One of the major challenges in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-26 Avimita Chatterjee , Archisman Ghosh , Swaroop Ghosh

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) codes are essential for achieving fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). However, their implementation faces significant challenges due to disparity between required dense qubit connectivity and sparse…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-12 Keyi Yin , Hezi Zhang , Xiang Fang , Yunong Shi , Travis Humble , Ang Li , Yufei Ding

Fault-tolerant quantum computers rely on Quantum Error-Correcting Codes (QECCs) to protect information from noise. However, no single error-correcting code supports a fully transversal and therefore fault-tolerant implementation of all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-05 Erik Weilandt , Tom Peham , Robert Wille

A key requirement for an effective Quantum Error Correction (QEC) scheme is that the physical qubits have error rates below a certain threshold. The value of this threshold depends on the details of the specific QEC scheme, and its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-09 Gözde Üstün , Andrea Morello , Simon Devitt

Encoding quantum information in a quantum error correction (QEC) code enhances protection against errors. Imperfection of quantum devices due to decoherence effects will limit the fidelity of quantum gate operations. In particular, neutral…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 J. J. Postema , S. J. J. M. F. Kokkelmans

Quantum error correction (QEC) aims to protect logical qubits from noises by utilizing the redundancy of a large Hilbert space, where an error, once it occurs, can be detected and corrected in real time. In most QEC codes, a logical qubit…

The promise of quantum computing is closer to reality today than ever before, thanks to rapid progress in the development of quantum hardware. Even as qubit lifetimes and gate fidelities continue to improve, realizing robust, fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Vismay Joshi , Anubhab Rudra , Sourav Dutta , Siddharth Dhomkar , Prabha Mandayam

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computation, yet its practical implementation remains a major engineering challenge. In particular, QEC demands precise real-time control of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Junyi Liu , Yi Lee , Yilun Xu , Gang Huang , Xiaodi Wu

We consider hierarchically implemented quantum error correction (HI-QEC), in which the fidelities of logical qubits are differentially optimized to enhance the capabilities of quantum devices in scientific applications. By employing qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-05 Natalie Klco , Martin J. Savage