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Generative Engine Optimization (GEO) is rapidly reshaping digital marketing paradigms in the era of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, current GEO strategies predominantly rely on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which inherently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 XinYu Zhao , ChengYou Li , XiangBao Meng , Kai Zhang , XiaoDong Liu

In real-world environments, autonomous agents rely on their egocentric observations. They must learn adaptive strategies to interact with others who possess mixed motivations, discernible only through visible cues. Several Multi-Agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Violet Xiang , Logan Cross , Jan-Philipp Fränken , Nick Haber

We present a general convergent class of reinforcement learning algorithms that is founded on two distinct principles: (1) mapping value estimates to a different space using arbitrary functions from a broad class, and (2) linearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Mehdi Fatemi , Arash Tavakoli

Collaborative multi-agent exploration of unknown environments is crucial for search and rescue operations. Effective real-world deployment must address challenges such as limited inter-agent communication and static and dynamic obstacles.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Gabriele Calzolari , Vidya Sumathy , Christoforos Kanellakis , George Nikolakopoulos

We explore a collaborative and cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning setting where a team of reinforcement learning agents attempt to solve a single cooperative task in a multi-scenario setting. We propose a novel multi-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Hassam Ullah Sheikh , Ladislau Bölöni

The goal of this paper is to study a distributed version of the gradient temporal-difference (GTD) learning algorithm for a class of multi-agent Markov decision processes (MDPs). The temporal-difference (TD) learning is a reinforcement…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-04-29 Donghwan Lee , Jianghai Hu

In cooperative multi-agent tasks, a team of agents jointly interact with an environment by taking actions, receiving a team reward and observing the next state. During the interactions, the uncertainty of environment and reward will…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Jian Zhao , Mingyu Yang , Youpeng Zhao , Xunhan Hu , Wengang Zhou , Jiangcheng Zhu , Houqiang Li

Multi-agent value-based approaches recently make great progress, especially value decomposition methods. However, there are still a lot of limitations in value function factorization. In VDN, the joint action-value function is the sum of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Quanlin Chen

Model-free reinforcement learning methods lack an inherent mechanism to impose behavioural constraints on the trained policies. Although certain extensions exist, they remain limited to specific types of constraints, such as value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Bram De Cooman , Johan Suykens

Multi-agent proximal policy optimization (MAPPO) has recently demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on challenging multi-agent reinforcement learning tasks. However, MAPPO still struggles with the credit assignment problem, wherein the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Aditya Kapoor , Benjamin Freed , Howie Choset , Jeff Schneider

Deep reinforcement learning methods have shown great performance on many challenging cooperative multi-agent tasks. Two main promising research directions are multi-agent value function decomposition and multi-agent policy gradients. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Yuan Pu , Shaochen Wang , Rui Yang , Xin Yao , Bin Li

Credit assignment remains a fundamental challenge in multi agent reinforcement learning (MARL) and is commonly addressed through value decomposition under the centralized training with decentralized ex ecution (CTDE) paradigm. However,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yuanjun Li , Zhouyang Jiang , Bin Zhang , Mingchao Zhang , Junhao Zhao , Zhiwei Xu

This paper addresses the limitations of a single agent in task decomposition and collaboration during complex task execution, and proposes a multi-agent architecture for modular task decomposition and dynamic collaboration based on large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Shuaidong Pan , Di Wu

This paper concerns imitation learning (IL) (i.e, the problem of learning to mimic expert behaviors from demonstrations) in cooperative multi-agent systems. The learning problem under consideration poses several challenges, characterized by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Thanh Hong Nguyen

The Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution (CTDE) paradigm is widely used in cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning. However, conventional methods based on CTDE can suffer from value underestimation and converge to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ruoning Zhang , Siying Wang , Wenyu Chen , Yang Zhou , Zhitong Zhao , Zixuan Zhang , Ruijie Zhang , Stefano V. Albrecht

In recent years, the accumulation of data across various institutions has garnered attention for the technology of confidential data analysis, which improves analytical accuracy by sharing data between multiple institutions while protecting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Yuta Kawakami , Yuichi Takano , Akira Imakura

Cooperation in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) benefits from inter-agent communication, yet most approaches assume idealized channels and existing value decomposition methods ignore who successfully shared information with whom.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Diyi Hu , Bhaskar Krishnamachari

Efficient collaborative decision making is an important challenge for multiagent systems. Finding optimal joint actions is especially challenging when each agent has only imperfect information about the state of its environment. Such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-04-28 Frans A. Oliehoek , Shimon Whiteson , Matthijs T. J. Spaan

Explaining the behaviour of intelligent agents learned by reinforcement learning (RL) to humans is challenging yet crucial due to their incomprehensible proprioceptive states, variational intermediate goals, and resultant unpredictability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Wenhao Lu , Xufeng Zhao , Sven Magg , Martin Gromniak , Mengdi Li , Stefan Wermter

Generative advertising in large language model (LLM) responses requires optimizing sponsorship configurations under two strict constraints: the strategic behavior of advertisers and the high cost of stochastic generations. To address this,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Jiayuan Liu , Barry Wang , Jiarui Gan , Tonghan Wang , Leon Xie , Mingyu Guo , Vincent Conitzer