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In this paper, we introduce chemical functions, a unified framework that models chemical systems as noisy challenge--response primitives, and formalize the associated chemical function infrastructure. Building on the theory of physical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Frederik Walter , Hrishi Narayanan , Jessica Bariffi , Anne Lüscher , Rawad Bitar , Robert Grass , Antonia Wachter-Zeh , Zohar Yakhini

Quantum no-cloning, the impossibility of perfectly cloning an arbitrary unknown quantum state, is one of the most fundamental limitations due to the laws of quantum mechanics, which underpin the physical security of quantum key…

The commitment of bits between two mutually distrustful parties is a powerful cryptographic primitive with which many cryptographic objectives can be achieved. It is widely believed that unconditionally secure quantum bit commitment is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Horace P. Yuen

The no-cloning theorem is a cornerstone of quantum cryptography. Here we generalize and rederive in a unified framework various upper bounds on the maximum achievable fidelity of probabilistic and deterministic cloning machines. Building on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-26 Yanglin Hu , Marco Tomamichel

Quantum mechanics put restriction on performing some task which we can do classically. One such restriction is that we cannot copy an arbitrary quantum state. This is known as No-cloning theorem. Although quantum mechanics forbid us to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-02-11 Satyabrata Adhikari

The no-cloning theorem can be used as a basis for quantum money constructions which guarantee unconditionally unforgeable currency. Existing schemes, however, either (i) require long-term quantum memory and quantum communication between the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-22 Dmytro Gavinsky , Dar Gilboa , Siddhartha Jain , Dmitri Maslov , Jarrod R. McClean

Methods of quantum mechanics promise information-theoretic security for various protocols in cryptography. However, impossibility of some cryptographic applications such as standard bit commitment, oblivious transfer, multiparty secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-03 Muhammad Nadeem

We investigate the notion of untelegraphable encryption (UTE), a quantum encryption primitive that is a special case of uncloneable encryption (UE), where the adversary's capabilities are restricted to producing purely classical information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-02 Anne Broadbent , Eric Culf , Denis Rochette

We consider one-round games between a classical verifier and two provers who share entanglement. We show that when the constraints enforced by the verifier are `unique' constraints (i.e., permutations), the value of the game can be well…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-03 Julia Kempe , Oded Regev , Ben Toner

Coin flipping is a cryptographic primitive in which two distrustful parties wish to generate a random bit in order to choose between two alternatives. This task is impossible to realize when it relies solely on the asynchronous exchange of…

We propose the first continuous-variable (CV) unclonable encryption scheme, extending the paradigm of quantum encryption of classical messages (QECM) to CV systems. In our construction, a classical message is first encrypted classically and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-19 Arpan Akash Ray , Boris Škorić

Computational entropies provide a framework for quantifying uncertainty and randomness under computational constraints. They play a central role in classical cryptography, underpinning the analysis and construction of primitives such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Noam Avidan , Rotem Arnon

We study the problem of universal quantum cloning -- taking several identical copies of a pure but unknown quantum state and producing further copies. While it is well known that it is impossible to perfectly reproduce the state, how well…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-09 Alastair Kay

No-cloning theorem is fundamental for quantum mechanics and for quantum information science that states an unknown quantum state cannot be cloned perfectly. However, we can try to clone a quantum state approximately with the optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-30 Heng Fan , Yi-Nan Wang , Li Jing , Jie-Dong Yue , Han-Duo Shi , Yong-Liang Zhang , Liang-Zhu Mu

A central tenet of theoretical cryptography is the study of the minimal assumptions required to implement a given cryptographic primitive. One such primitive is the one-time memory (OTM), introduced by Goldwasser, Kalai, and Rothblum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-14 Anne Broadbent , Sevag Gharibian , Hong-Sheng Zhou

The impossibility of perfectly copying (or cloning) an arbitrary quantum state is one of the basic rules governing the physics of quantum systems. The processes that perform the optimal approximate cloning have been found in many cases.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Valerio Scarani , Sofyan Iblisdir , Nicolas Gisin , Antonio Acin

Quantum coin flipping (QCF) is an essential primitive for quantum cryptography. Unconditionally secure strong QCF with an arbitrarily small bias was widely believed to be impossible. But basing on a problem which cannot be solved without…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-25 Guang Ping He

Performing complex cryptographic tasks will be an essential element in future quantum communication networks. These tasks are based on a handful of fundamental primitives, such as coin flipping, where two distrustful parties wish to agree…

Quantum information allows us to build quantum money schemes, where a bank can issue banknotes in the form of authenticatable quantum states that cannot be cloned or counterfeited. Similar to paper banknotes, in existing quantum money…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-08 Alper Cakan , Vipul Goyal , Takashi Yamakawa

Existing quantum key distribution schemes need the support of classical authentication scheme to ensure security. This is a conceptual drawback of quantum cryptography. It is pointed out that quantum cryptosystem does not need any support…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2008-07-18 Arindam Mitra