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We introduce the notions of algorithmic mutual information and rarity of quantum states. These definitions enjoy conservation inequalities over unitary transformations and partial traces. We show that a large majority of pure states have…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Samuel Epstein

A fundamental question in quantum mechanics is, whether it is possible to replicate an arbitrary unknown quantum state. Then famous quantum no-cloning theorem [Nature 299, 802 (1982)] says no to the question. But it leaves open the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Lu-Ming Duan , Guang-Can Guo

It is a long-standing open question in quantum complexity theory whether the definition of $\textit{non-deterministic}$ quantum computation requires quantum witnesses $(\textsf{QMA})$ or if classical witnesses suffice $(\textsf{QCMA})$. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-19 Anand Natarajan , Chinmay Nirkhe

Fundamental principles of quantum mechanics have inspired many new research directions, particularly in quantum cryptography. One such principle is quantum no-cloning which has led to the emerging field of revocable cryptography. Roughly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-16 Prabhanjan Ananth , Saachi Mutreja , Alexander Poremba

While the no-cloning theorem, which forbids the perfect copying of quantum states, is well-known as one of the defining features of quantum mechanics, the question of how well the theory allows a state to be cloned is yet to be completely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-25 Alastair Kay , Ravishankar Ramanathan , Dagomir Kaszlikowski

The impossibility of simultaneously cloning non-orthogonal states lies at the foundations of quantum theory. Even when allowing for approximation errors, cloning an arbitrary unknown pure state requires as many initial copies as needed to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Nikhil Bansal , Matthias C. Caro , Gaurav Mahajan

Although perfect copying of an unknown quantum state is not possible, approximate cloning is possible in quantum mechanics. Quantum telecloning is a variant of approximate quantum cloning which uses quantum teleportation to allow for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-11 Elijah Pelofske , Andreas Bärtschi , Stephan Eidenbenz

In port-based teleportation, Alice teleports an unknown quantum state to one of N ports at Bob's site. Alice applies a measurement and sends Bob the outcome k. Bob only needs to select the kth port in order to obtain the state. We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-06 Damián Pitalúa-García

It is well known that it is impossible to clone an arbitrary quantum state. However, this inability does not lead directly to no-cloning of quantum coherence. Here, we show that it is impossible to clone the coherence of an arbitrary…

All existing quantum cryptosystems use non-orthogonal states as the carriers of information. Non-orthogonal states cannot be cloned (duplicated) by an eavesdropper. In result, any eavesdropping attempt must introduce errors in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Lior Goldenberg , Lev Vaidman

Quantum copy-protection, introduced by Aaronson (CCC'09), uses the no-cloning principle of quantum mechanics to protect software from being illegally distributed. Constructing copy-protection has been an important problem in quantum…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Prabhanjan Ananth , Fatih Kaleoglu

It is well known that quantum theory forbids the exact copying of an unknown quantum state. Therefore in broadcasting of classical information by a quantum channel an additional contribution to the error in the decoding is expected. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. E. Allahverdyan , D. B. Saakian

We show that, given a general mixed state for a quantum system, there are no physical means for {\it broadcasting\/} that state onto two separate quantum systems, even when the state need only be reproduced marginally on the separate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-28 H. Barnum , C. M. Caves , C. A. Fuchs , R. Jozsa , B. Schumacher

The task of a telecloning protocol is to send an arbitrary qubit possessed by a sender to multiple receivers. Instead of performing Bell measurement at the sender's node, if one applies unsharp measurement, we show that the shared state can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-25 Sudipta Das , Pritam Halder , Ratul Banerjee , Aditi Sen De

The superposition principle is fundamental to quantum theory. Yet a recent no-go theorem has proved that quantum theory forbids superposition of unknown quantum states, even with nonzero probability. The implications of this result,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-25 Somshubhro Bandyopadhyay

A number of noncontextual models exist which reproduce different subsets of quantum theory and admit a no-cloning theorem. Therefore, if one chooses noncontextuality as one's notion of classicality, no-cloning cannot be regarded as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-29 Matteo Lostaglio , Gabriel Senno

Quantum states cannot be cloned. I show how to extend this property to classical messages encoded using quantum states, a task I call "uncloneable encryption." An uncloneable encryption scheme has the property that an eavesdropper Eve not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Daniel Gottesman

Though the no-cloning theorem [1] prohibits exact replication of arbitrary quantum states, there are many instances in quantum information processing and entanglement measurement in which a weaker form of cloning may be useful. Here, I…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2016-10-19 Timothy H. Hsieh

Existing quantum key distribution schemes need the support of classical authentication scheme to ensure security. This is a conceptual drawback of quantum cryptography. It is pointed out that quantum cryptosystem does not need any support…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2008-07-18 Arindam Mitra

The impossibility of perfectly copying (or cloning) an arbitrary quantum state is one of the basic rules governing the physics of quantum systems. The processes that perform the optimal approximate cloning have been found in many cases.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Valerio Scarani , Sofyan Iblisdir , Nicolas Gisin , Antonio Acin