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Lexical Simplification (LS) is the task of replacing complex for simpler words in a sentence whilst preserving the sentence's original meaning. LS is the lexical component of Text Simplification (TS) with the aim of making texts more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Kai North , Tharindu Ranasinghe , Matthew Shardlow , Marcos Zampieri

For both human readers and pre-trained language models (PrLMs), lexical diversity may lead to confusion and inaccuracy when understanding the underlying semantic meanings of given sentences. By substituting complex words with simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Rongzhou Bao , Jiayi Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

Text simplification reduces the language complexity of professional content for accessibility purposes. End-to-end neural network models have been widely adopted to directly generate the simplified version of input text, usually functioning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Cristina Garbacea , Mengtian Guo , Samuel Carton , Qiaozhu Mei

Text Simplification (TS) aims to reduce the linguistic complexity of content to make it easier to understand. Research in TS has been of keen interest, especially as approaches to TS have shifted from manual, hand-crafted rules to automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Punardeep Sikka , Vijay Mago

Lexical Simplification (LS) methods use a three-step pipeline: complex word identification, substitute generation, and substitute ranking, each with separate evaluation datasets. We found large language models (LLMs) can simplify sentences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Jipeng Qiang , Minjiang Huang , Yi Zhu , Yunhao Yuan , Chaowei Zhang , Xiaoye Ouyang

Text Simplification improves the readability of sentences through several rewriting transformations, such as lexical paraphrasing, deletion, and splitting. Current simplification systems are predominantly sequence-to-sequence models that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Mounica Maddela , Fernando Alva-Manchego , Wei Xu

Text simplification (TS) refers to the process of reducing the complexity of a text while retaining its original meaning and key information. Existing work only shows that large language models (LLMs) have outperformed supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Jipeng Qiang , Minjiang Huang , Yi Zhu , Yunhao Yuan , Chaowei Zhang , Kui Yu

Large language models demonstrate limited capability in proficiency-controlled sentence simplification, particularly when simplifying across large readability levels. We propose a framework that decomposes complex simplifications into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jingshen Zhang , Xin Ying Qiu , Lifang Lu , Zhuhua Huang , Yutao Hu , Yuechang Wu , JunYu Lu

Text is by far the most ubiquitous source of knowledge and information and should be made easily accessible to as many people as possible; however, texts often contain complex words that hinder reading comprehension and accessibility.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Kim Cheng Sheang , Horacio Saggion

Text simplification is crucial for improving accessibility and comprehension for English as a Second Language (ESL) learners. This study goes a step further and aims to facilitate ESL learners' language acquisition by simplification.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Guanlin Li , Yuki Arase , Noel Crespi

Lexical Simplification (LS) automatically replaces difficult to read words for easier alternatives while preserving a sentence's original meaning. LS is a precursor to Text Simplification with the aim of improving text accessibility to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Kai North , Tharindu Ranasinghe , Matthew Shardlow , Marcos Zampieri

Lexical simplification has attracted much attention in many languages, which is the process of replacing complex words in a given sentence with simpler alternatives of equivalent meaning. Although the richness of vocabulary in Chinese makes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Jipeng Qiang , Xinyu Lu , Yun Li , Yunhao Yuan , Yang Shi , Xindong Wu

Sentence Simplification aims to rephrase complex sentences into simpler sentences while retaining original meaning. Large Language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to perform a variety of natural language processing tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Yutao Feng , Jipeng Qiang , Yun Li , Yunhao Yuan , Yi Zhu

We define multilevel text normalization as sequence-to-sequence processing that transforms naturally noisy text into a sequence of normalized units of meaning (morphemes) in three steps: 1) writing normalization, 2) lemmatization, 3)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-01 Tatyana Ruzsics , Tanja Samardžić

Sentence simplification aims to simplify the content and structure of complex sentences, and thus make them easier to interpret for human readers, and easier to process for downstream NLP applications. Recent advances in neural machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-23 Tu Vu , Baotian Hu , Tsendsuren Munkhdalai , Hong Yu

The general goal of text simplification (TS) is to reduce text complexity for human consumption. This paper investigates another potential use of neural TS: assisting machines performing natural language processing (NLP) tasks. We evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Hoang Van , Zheng Tang , Mihai Surdeanu

The processing of legal texts has been developing as an emerging field in natural language processing (NLP). Legal texts contain unique jargon and complex linguistic attributes in vocabulary, semantics, syntax, and morphology. Therefore,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Mert Cemri , Tolga Çukur , Aykut Koç

We propose a new sentence simplification task (Split-and-Rephrase) where the aim is to split a complex sentence into a meaning preserving sequence of shorter sentences. Like sentence simplification, splitting-and-rephrasing has the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-24 Shashi Narayan , Claire Gardent , Shay B. Cohen , Anastasia Shimorina

Sentences that present a complex syntax act as a major stumbling block for downstream Natural Language Processing applications whose predictive quality deteriorates with sentence length and complexity. The task of Text Simplification (TS)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Christina Niklaus , Matthias Cetto , André Freitas , Siegfried Handschuh

Sentence simplification is the task of rewriting texts so they are easier to understand. Recent research has applied sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) models to this task, focusing largely on training-time improvements via reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-08 Reno Kriz , João Sedoc , Marianna Apidianaki , Carolina Zheng , Gaurav Kumar , Eleni Miltsakaki , Chris Callison-Burch
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