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Backdoor (trojan) attacks embed hidden, controllable behaviors into machine-learning models so that models behave normally on benign inputs but produce attacker-chosen outputs when a trigger is present. This survey reviews the rapidly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Bilal Hussain Abbasi , Yanjun Zhang , Leo Zhang , Shang Gao

With the surge of Machine Learning (ML), An emerging amount of intelligent applications have been developed. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated unprecedented performance across various fields such as medical diagnosis and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Xinqiao Zhang , Huili Chen , Ke Huang , Farinaz Koushanfar

Adversarial examples are well-known tools to evaluate the vulnerability of deep neural networks (DNNs). Although lots of adversarial attack algorithms have been developed, it's still challenging in the practical scenario that the model's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Meixi Zheng , Xuanchen Yan , Zihao Zhu , Hongrui Chen , Baoyuan Wu

Backdoor attacks embed hidden malicious behaviors into deep learning models, which only activate and cause misclassifications on model inputs containing a specific trigger. Existing works on backdoor attacks and defenses, however, mostly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Emily Wenger , Josephine Passananti , Arjun Bhagoji , Yuanshun Yao , Haitao Zheng , Ben Y. Zhao

Contrastive learning has become a leading self- supervised approach to representation learning across domains, including vision, multimodal settings, graphs, and federated learning. However, recent studies have shown that contrastive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Simi D Kuniyilh , Rita Machacy

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), the third generation neural networks, are known for their low energy consumption and high robustness. SNNs are developing rapidly and can compete with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in many fields. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Lingxin Jin , Meiyu Lin , Wei Jiang , Jinyu Zhan

Backdoor attacks have emerged as one of the major security threats to deep learning models as they can easily control the model's test-time predictions by pre-injecting a backdoor trigger into the model at training time. While backdoor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Yujing Jiang , Xingjun Ma , Sarah Monazam Erfani , James Bailey

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Previous works have shown it extremely challenging to unlearn the undesired backdoor behavior from the network, since the entire network can be affected by the backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Haotao Wang , Junyuan Hong , Aston Zhang , Jiayu Zhou , Zhangyang Wang

Backdoor attacks become a significant security concern for deep neural networks in recent years. An image classification model can be compromised if malicious backdoors are injected into it. This corruption will cause the model to function…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Hongwei Zhang , Xiaoyin Xu , Dongsheng An , Xianfeng Gu , Min Zhang

Backdoor attacks mislead machine-learning models to output an attacker-specified class when presented a specific trigger at test time. These attacks require poisoning the training data to compromise the learning algorithm, e.g., by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Kathrin Grosse , Taesung Lee , Battista Biggio , Youngja Park , Michael Backes , Ian Molloy

Backdoor attacks on deep learning represent a recent threat that has gained significant attention in the research community. Backdoor defenses are mainly based on backdoor inversion, which has been shown to be generic, model-agnostic, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Xiaoyun Xu , Zhuoran Liu , Stefanos Koffas , Shujian Yu , Stjepan Picek

Backdoor attacks pose a persistent security risk to deep neural networks (DNNs) due to their stealth and durability. While recent research has explored leveraging model unlearning mechanisms to enhance backdoor concealment, existing attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Baogang Song , Dongdong Zhao , Jianwen Xiang , Qiben Xu , Zizhuo Yu

Deep learning models are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where adversaries inject malicious functionality during training that activates on trigger inputs at inference time. Extensive research has focused on developing stealthy backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Jeongjin Shin , Sangdon Park

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable success in diverse fields. However, it has been demonstrated that DNNs are very vulnerable to adversarial examples even in black-box settings. A large number of black-box attack methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Junjie Fu , Jian Sun , Gang Wang

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are known to be vulnerable to both backdoor and adversarial attacks. In the literature, these two types of attacks are commonly treated as distinct robustness problems and solved separately, since they belong to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Zhenxing Niu , Yuyao Sun , Qiguang Miao , Rong Jin , Gang Hua

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are known to be vulnerable to adversarial examples which contain human-imperceptible perturbations. A series of defending methods, either proactive defence or reactive defence, have been proposed in the recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Derek Wang , Chaoran Li , Sheng Wen , Surya Nepal , Yang Xiang

Supervised fine-tuning has become the predominant method for adapting large pretrained models to downstream tasks. However, recent studies have revealed that these models are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where even a small number of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Peihai Jiang , Xixiang Lyu , Yige Li , Jing Ma

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated effectiveness in various fields. However, DNNs are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, which inject a unique pattern, called trigger, into the input to cause misclassification to an attack-chosen…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Siyuan Cheng , Guangyu Shen , Kaiyuan Zhang , Guanhong Tao , Shengwei An , Hanxi Guo , Shiqing Ma , Xiangyu Zhang

Backdoor attack has emerged as a novel and concerning threat to AI security. These attacks involve the training of Deep Neural Network (DNN) on datasets that contain hidden trigger patterns. Although the poisoned model behaves normally on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Huasong Zhou , Xiaowei Xu , Xiaodong Wang , Leon Bevan Bullock

Transfer learning provides an effective solution for feasibly and fast customize accurate \textit{Student} models, by transferring the learned knowledge of pre-trained \textit{Teacher} models over large datasets via fine-tuning. Many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Shuo Wang , Surya Nepal , Carsten Rudolph , Marthie Grobler , Shangyu Chen , Tianle Chen
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