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To raise awareness of the environmental impact of deep learning (DL), many studies estimate the energy use of DL systems. However, energy estimates during DL training often rely on unverified assumptions. This work addresses that gap by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Santiago del Rey , Luís Cruz , Xavier Franch , Silverio Martínez-Fernández

The computation demand for machine learning (ML) has grown rapidly recently, which comes with a number of costs. Estimating the energy cost helps measure its environmental impact and finding greener strategies, yet it is challenging without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 David Patterson , Joseph Gonzalez , Quoc Le , Chen Liang , Lluis-Miquel Munguia , Daniel Rothchild , David So , Maud Texier , Jeff Dean

Recent progress in hardware and methodology for training neural networks has ushered in a new generation of large networks trained on abundant data. These models have obtained notable gains in accuracy across many NLP tasks. However, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Emma Strubell , Ananya Ganesh , Andrew McCallum

Deep learning models have revolutionized various fields, from image recognition to natural language processing, by achieving unprecedented levels of accuracy. However, their increasing energy consumption has raised concerns about their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Shreyank N Gowda , Xinyue Hao , Gen Li , Shashank Narayana Gowda , Xiaobo Jin , Laura Sevilla-Lara

Machine learning and deep learning models have become essential in the recent fast development of artificial intelligence in many sectors of the society. It is now widely acknowledge that the development of these models has an environmental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Lucia Bouza Heguerte , Aurélie Bugeau , Loïc Lannelongue

Deep learning (DL) workflows demand an ever-increasing budget of compute and energy in order to achieve outsized gains. Neural architecture searches, hyperparameter sweeps, and rapid prototyping consume immense resources that can prevent…

Modern machine learning models have started to consume incredible amounts of energy, thus incurring large carbon footprints (Strubell et al., 2019). To address this issue, we have created an energy estimation pipeline1, which allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Johannes Getzner , Bertrand Charpentier , Stephan Günnemann

The energy consumption of deep learning models is increasing at a breathtaking rate, which raises concerns due to potential negative effects on carbon neutrality in the context of global warming and climate change. With the progress of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Bo Li , Xinyang Jiang , Donglin Bai , Yuge Zhang , Ningxin Zheng , Xuanyi Dong , Lu Liu , Yuqing Yang , Dongsheng Li

Modern AI practices all strive towards the same goal: better results. In the context of deep learning, the term "results" often refers to the achieved accuracy on a competitive problem set. In this paper, we adopt an idea from the emerging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Tim Yarally , Luís Cruz , Daniel Feitosa , June Sallou , Arie van Deursen

Context: Along with developing Deep learning (DL) models, larger datasets and more complex model structures are applied, leading to rising computing resources and energy consumption, which is an alert that green DL models should receive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Taoran Wang , Yanhui Li , Mingliang Ma , Lin Chen , Yuming Zhou

This work offers a heuristic evaluation of the effects of variations in machine learning training regimes and learning paradigms on the energy consumption of computing, especially HPC hardware with a life-cycle aware perspective. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Daniel Geißler , Bo Zhou , Mengxi Liu , Sungho Suh , Paul Lukowicz

With the rise of AI in recent years and the increase in complexity of the models, the growing demand in computational resources is starting to pose a significant challenge. The need for higher compute power is being met with increasingly…

Deep learning models are yielding increasingly better performances thanks to multiple factors. To be successful, model may have large number of parameters or complex architectures and be trained on large dataset. This leads to large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Jean-Roch Vlimant , Junqi Yin

Machine learning (ML) has seen tremendous advancements, but its environmental footprint remains a concern. Acknowledging the growing environmental impact of ML this paper investigates Green ML, examining various model architectures and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Ioannis Mavromatis , Kostas Katsaros , Aftab Khan

Deep learning models in computer vision have achieved significant success but pose increasing concerns about energy consumption and sustainability. Despite these concerns, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their energy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Zeyu Yang , Karel Adamek , Wesley Armour

Deep learning (DL) can achieve impressive results across a wide variety of tasks, but this often comes at the cost of training models for extensive periods on specialized hardware accelerators. This energy-intensive workload has seen…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Lasse F. Wolff Anthony , Benjamin Kanding , Raghavendra Selvan

With the ever-growing adoption of AI, its impact on the environment is no longer negligible. Despite the potential that continual learning could have towards Green AI, its environmental sustainability remains relatively uncharted. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Tomaso Trinci , Simone Magistri , Roberto Verdecchia , Andrew D. Bagdanov

Over the past decade, deep learning (DL) has led to significant advancements in various fields of artificial intelligence, including machine translation (MT). These advancements would not be possible without the ever-growing volumes of data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Dimitar Shterionov , Eva Vanmassenhove

Deep learning has become widely used in complex AI applications. Yet, training a deep neural network (DNNs) model requires a considerable amount of calculations, long running time, and much energy. Nowadays, many-core AI accelerators (e.g.,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Yuxin Wang , Qiang Wang , Shaohuai Shi , Xin He , Zhenheng Tang , Kaiyong Zhao , Xiaowen Chu

In particular, large-scale deep learning and artificial intelligence model training uses a lot of computational power and energy, so it poses serious sustainability issues. The fast rise in model complexity has resulted in exponential…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Yashasvi Makin , Rahul Maliakkal
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