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In open-domain question answering, due to the ambiguity of questions, multiple plausible answers may exist. To provide feasible answers to an ambiguous question, one approach is to directly predict all valid answers, but this can struggle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Weiwei Sun , Hengyi Cai , Hongshen Chen , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Maarten de Rijke , Zhaochun Ren

Ambivalence and hesitancy (A/H) are subtle affective states where a person shows conflicting signals through different channels -- saying one thing while their face or voice tells another story. Recognising these states automatically is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Salah Eddine Bekhouche , Hichem Telli , Azeddine Benlamoudi , Salah Eddine Herrouz , Abdelmalik Taleb-Ahmed , Abdenour Hadid

We present a series of two studies conducted to understand user's affective states during voice-based human-machine interactions. Emphasis is placed on the cases of communication errors or failures. In particular, we are interested in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Sujeong Kim , Abhinav Garlapati , Jonah Lubin , Amir Tamrakar , Ajay Divakaran

Different entities with the same name can be difficult to distinguish. Handling confusing entity mentions is a crucial skill for language models (LMs). For example, given the question "Where was Michael Jordan educated?" and a set of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Yoonsang Lee , Xi Ye , Eunsol Choi

Modern neural networks (NNs) often achieve high predictive accuracy but are poorly calibrated, producing overconfident predictions even when wrong. This miscalibration poses serious challenges in applications where reliable uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Pedro Mendes , Paolo Romano , David Garlan

The predictive uncertainty of machine translation (MT) models is typically used as a quality estimation proxy. In this work, we posit that apart from confidently translating when a single correct translation exists, models should also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Ieva Raminta Staliūnaitė , Julius Cheng , Andreas Vlachos

Datasets and methods for cross-document coreference resolution (CDCR) focus on events or entities with strict coreference relations. They lack, however, annotating and resolving coreference mentions with more abstract or loose relations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Anastasia Zhukova , Felix Hamborg , Karsten Donnay , Bela Gipp

This paper addresses the topic of robustness under sensing noise, ambiguous instructions, and human-robot interaction. We take a radically different tack to the issue of reliable embodied AI: instead of focusing on formal verification…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Kenneth Kwok , Basura Fernando , Qianli Xu , Vigneshwaran Subbaraju , Dongkyu Choi , Boon Kiat Quek

Trustworthy language models should abstain from answering questions when they do not know the answer. However, the answer to a question can be unknown for a variety of reasons. Prior research has focused on the case in which the question is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Jeremy R. Cole , Michael J. Q. Zhang , Daniel Gillick , Julian Martin Eisenschlos , Bhuwan Dhingra , Jacob Eisenstein

Natural language often contains ambiguities that can lead to misinterpretation and miscommunication. While humans can handle ambiguities effectively by asking clarifying questions and/or relying on contextual cues and common-sense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Ninareh Mehrabi , Palash Goyal , Apurv Verma , Jwala Dhamala , Varun Kumar , Qian Hu , Kai-Wei Chang , Richard Zemel , Aram Galstyan , Rahul Gupta

Current image generation systems produce high-quality images but struggle with ambiguous user prompts, making interpretation of actual user intentions difficult. Many users must modify their prompts several times to ensure the generated…

Enhancing model interpretability can address spurious correlations by revealing how models draw their predictions. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) can provide a principled way of disclosing and guiding model behaviors through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Jeeyung Kim , Ze Wang , Qiang Qiu

The standard approach to mitigate errors made by an automatic speech recognition system is to use confidence scores associated with each predicted word. In the simplest case, these scores are word posterior probabilities whilst more complex…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-02-19 Qiujia Li , Preben Ness , Anton Ragni , Mark Gales

With the advent of high-performance computing, Bayesian methods are increasingly popular tools for the quantification of uncertainty throughout science and industry. Since these methods impact the making of sometimes critical decisions in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-20 Houman Owhadi , Clint Scovel , Tim Sullivan

In the context of image classification, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) first embed images into a set of human-understandable concepts, followed by an intrinsically interpretable classifier that predicts labels based on these intermediate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Haifei Zhang , Patrick Barry , Eduardo Brandao

Teaching an agent to perform new tasks using natural language can easily be hindered by ambiguities in interpretation. When a teacher provides an instruction to a learner about an object by referring to its features, the learner can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Hugo Caselles-Dupré , Olivier Sigaud , Mohamed Chetouani

The paper adresses the problem of reasoning with ambiguities. Semantic representations are presented that leave scope relations between quantifiers and/or other operators unspecified. Truth conditions are provided for these representations…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Uwe Reyle

Text classification is a crucial task encountered frequently in practical scenarios, yet it is still under-explored in the era of large language models (LLMs). This study shows that LLMs are vulnerable to changes in the number and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Zhenyi Lu , Jie Tian , Wei Wei , Xiaoye Qu , Yu Cheng , Wenfeng xie , Dangyang Chen

In this work, we measure the impact of affixal negation on modern English large language models (LLMs). In affixal negation, the negated meaning is expressed through a negative morpheme, which is potentially challenging for LLMs as their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Thinh Hung Truong , Yulia Otmakhova , Karin Verspoor , Trevor Cohn , Timothy Baldwin

Contemporary vision benchmarks predominantly consider tasks on which humans can achieve near-perfect performance. However, humans are frequently presented with visual data that they cannot classify with 100% certainty, and models trained on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Kate Sanders , Reno Kriz , Anqi Liu , Benjamin Van Durme