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We confirm Landauer's 1961 hypothesis that reducing the number of possible macroscopic states in a system by a factor of two requires work of at least kT ln 2. Our experiment uses a colloidal particle in a time-dependent, virtual potential…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-11-11 Yonggun Jun , Momčilo Gavrilov , John Bechhoefer

We investigate quantum coherence of electron spin transported through a semiconductor spintronic device, where spins are envisaged to be controlled by electrical means via spin-orbit interactions. To quantify the degree of spin coherence,…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2017-08-23 Branislav K. Nikolic , Satofumi Souma

Technological growth in the electronics industry has historically been measured by the number of transistors that can be crammed onto a single microchip. Unfortunately, all good things must come to an end; spectacular growth in the number…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Veronica Cerletti , W. A. Coish , Oliver Gywat , Daniel Loss

In 1961, R. Landauer proposed the principle that logical irreversibility is associated with physical irreversibility and further theorized that the erasure of information is fundamentally a dissipative process. Landauer posited that a…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2014-11-26 J. Hong , B. Lambson , S. Dhuey , J. Bokor

We measured the energy efficiency of information erasure using silicon DRAM cells capable of counting charges on capacitors at the single-electron level. Our measurements revealed that the efficiency decreased as the erasure error…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-01 Takase Shimizu , Kensaku Chida , Gento Yamahata , Katsuhiko Nishiguchi

By establishing a relation between information erasure and continuous phase transitions we generalise the Landauer bound to analog computing systems. The entropy production per degree of freedom during erasure of an analog variable (reset…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-10-27 M. Cristina Diamantini , Luca Gammaitoni , Carlo A. Trugenberger

Energy consumption in solving computational problems has been gaining growing attention as one of the key performance measures for computers. Quantum computation is known to offer advantages over classical computation in terms of various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-23 Florian Meier , Hayata Yamasaki

We present an experiment in which a one-bit memory is constructed, using a system of a single colloidal particle trapped in a modulated double-well potential. We measure the amount of heat dissipated to erase a bit and we establish that in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-09-06 Antoine Bérut , Artyom Petrosyan , Sergio Ciliberto

In the quest for large-scale quantum computing, networked quantum computers offer a natural path towards scalability. Now that nearest neighbor entanglement has been demonstrated for electron spin qubits in semiconductors, on-chip long…

The Landauer's principle, a cornerstone of information thermodynamics, provides a fundamental lower bound on the energetic cost of information erasure in terms of the information content change. However, its traditional formulation is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Yuanyuan Xiao , Jian-Hua Jiang , Junjie Liu

Control over electron-spin states, such as coherent manipulation, filtering and measurement promises access to new technologies in conventional as well as in quantum computation and quantum communication. We review our proposal of using…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-06-24 Guido Burkard , Hans-Andreas Engel , Daniel Loss

Landauer's Principle states that the energy cost of information processing must exceed the product of the temperature and the change in Shannon entropy of the information-bearing degrees of freedom. However, this lower bound is achievable…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-01-01 A. B. Boyd , A. Patra , C. Jarzynski , J. P. Crutchfield

The energy cost of erasing a bit of information was fundamentally lower bounded by Landauer, in terms of the temperature of its environment: $W\geq k_\mathrm{B} T \ln 2$. However, in real electronic devices, the information-bearing system…

With quantum computers of significant size now on the horizon, we should understand how to best exploit their initially limited abilities. To this end, we aim to identify a practical problem that is beyond the reach of current classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-26 Andrew M. Childs , Dmitri Maslov , Yunseong Nam , Neil J. Ross , Yuan Su

The ability to selectively measure, initialize, and reuse qubits during a quantum circuit enables a mapping of the spatial structure of certain tensor-network states onto the dynamics of quantum circuits, thereby achieving dramatic resource…

An electron within a mesoscopic (quantum-coherent) spintronic structure is described by a single wave function which, in the presence of both charge scattering and spin-orbit coupling, encodes an information about {\em entanglement} of its…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Branislav K. Nikolic

Landauer's principle provides a perspective on the physical meaning of information as well as on the minimum working cost of information processing. Whereas most studies have related the decrease in entropy during a computationally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-18 Kazunari Hashimoto , Bassano Vacchini , Chikako Uchiyama

Here a finite-Lieb-lattice quantum computing circuit consisting of spin-1/2 quantum bits (qubits) and triplet couplers is designed. Important gradient - quantum entanglement - is analysed. This type of design could be realised in a vast…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2026-04-16 Wei Wu

Implementation of quantum information processing faces the contradicting requirements of combining excellent isolation to avoid decoherence with the ability to control coherent interactions in a many-body quantum system. For example, spin…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 P. Rabl , S. J. Kolkowitz , F. H. Koppens , J. G. E. Harris , P. Zoller , M. D. Lukin

We study the thermodynamic cost associated with the erasure of one bit of information over a finite amount of time. We present a general framework for minimizing the average work required when full control of a system's microstates is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-09-09 Karel Proesmans , Jannik Ehrich , John Bechhoefer