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Deep neural networks progressively transform their inputs across multiple processing layers. What are the geometrical properties of the representations learned by these networks? Here we study the intrinsic dimensionality (ID) of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Alessio Ansuini , Alessandro Laio , Jakob H. Macke , Davide Zoccolan

In recent years, there has been interest in how geometric properties such as intrinsic dimension (ID) of a neural network's hidden representations change through its layers, and how such properties are predictive of important model behavior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Nicholas Konz , Maciej A. Mazurowski

Large Language Models (LLMs) show strong generalization across diverse tasks, yet the internal decision-making processes behind their predictions remain opaque. In this work, we study the geometry of hidden representations in LLMs through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Abhinav Joshi , Divyanshu Bhatt , Ashutosh Modi

From extracting features to generating text, the outputs of large language models (LLMs) typically rely on the final layers, following the conventional wisdom that earlier layers capture only low-level cues. However, our analysis shows that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Oscar Skean , Md Rifat Arefin , Dan Zhao , Niket Patel , Jalal Naghiyev , Yann LeCun , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv

Understanding what defines a good representation in large language models (LLMs) is fundamental to both theoretical understanding and practical applications. In this paper, we investigate the quality of intermediate representations in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Oscar Skean , Md Rifat Arefin , Yann LeCun , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv

The goal of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the internal mechanisms by which deep artificial neural networks create meaningful representations and are able to generalize. We focus on the challenge of characterizing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Diego Doimo

We seek to understand how the representations of individual tokens and the structure of the learned feature space evolve between layers in deep neural networks under different learning objectives. We focus on the Transformers for our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Elena Voita , Rico Sennrich , Ivan Titov

We investigate the relationship between the geometry of token embeddings and their role in the next token prediction within transformer models. An important aspect of this connection uses the notion of empirical measure, which encodes the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Karthik Viswanathan , Yuri Gardinazzi , Giada Panerai , Alberto Cazzaniga , Matteo Biagetti

Large scale neural models show impressive performance across a wide array of linguistic tasks. Despite this they remain, largely, black-boxes - inducing vector-representations of their input that prove difficult to interpret. This limits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Henry Conklin , Kenny Smith

What computational structure are we building into large language models when we train them on next-token prediction? Here, we present evidence that this structure is given by the meta-dynamics of belief updating over hidden states of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Adam S. Shai , Sarah E. Marzen , Lucas Teixeira , Alexander Gietelink Oldenziel , Paul M. Riechers

While large language models (LLMs) are trained purely on textual data, prior work has shown that their internal representations can exhibit rich geometric structure in embedding space. Building on this line of work, we investigate whether…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Simardeep Singh , Paras Chopra

Transformer architectures show significant promise for natural language processing. Given that a single pretrained model can be fine-tuned to perform well on many different tasks, these networks appear to extract generally useful linguistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Andy Coenen , Emily Reif , Ann Yuan , Been Kim , Adam Pearce , Fernanda Viégas , Martin Wattenberg

Deep learning models develop successive representations of their input in sequential layers, the last of which maps the final representation to the output. Here we investigate the informational content of these representations by observing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Benjamin L. Badger

We investigate the geometry of predictive information across the layers of large language models (LLMs). We repurpose representation lenses-learned affine maps trained to predict the next token from intermediate residual streams-as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Gianfranco Lombardo , Giuseppe Trimigno , Stefano Cagnoni

Understanding the latent space geometry of large language models (LLMs) is key to interpreting their behavior and improving alignment. Yet it remains unclear to what extent LLMs linearly organize representations related to semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Baturay Saglam , Paul Kassianik , Blaine Nelson , Sajana Weerawardhena , Yaron Singer , Amin Karbasi

High-dimensional representations for words, text, images, knowledge graphs and other structured data are commonly used in different paradigms of machine learning and data mining. These representations have different degrees of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Sunipa Dev

A language model (LM) is a mapping from a linguistic context to an output token. However, much remains to be known about this mapping, including how its geometric properties relate to its function. We take a high-level geometric approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Emily Cheng , Diego Doimo , Corentin Kervadec , Iuri Macocco , Jade Yu , Alessandro Laio , Marco Baroni

Large, self-supervised transformer-based language representation models have recently received significant amounts of attention, and have produced state-of-the-art results across a variety of tasks simply by scaling up pre-training on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-25 Alexandre Matton , Luke de Oliveira

Human intelligence relies in part on our brains' ability to create abstract mental models that succinctly capture the hidden blueprint of our reality. Such abstract world models notably allow us to rapidly navigate novel situations by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Quentin RV. Ferry , Joshua Ching , Takashi Kawai

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on natural language tasks can be improved through both supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and in-context learning (ICL), which operate via distinct mechanisms. Supervised fine-tuning updates the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Saahith Janapati , Yangfeng Ji
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