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We prove convergence of eigenvector processes of the form $(\sqrt{N}\langle \mathbf{u}_k,A_t\mathbf{u}_k\rangle)_{t\in[0,1]}$ where $\mathbf{u}_k$ is a bulk eigenvector of generalized Wigner matrices and $(A_t)$ a family of symmetric…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-25 Lucas Benigni , Mohammadreza Rezaei Feyzabady

The emergence of statistical mechanics for isolated classical systems comes about through chaotic dynamics and ergodicity. Here we review how similar questions can be answered in quantum systems. The crucial point is that individual energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-25 Joshua M. Deutsch

We provide a pedagogical introduction to eigenstate thermalization. This phenomenon, which occurs in generic quantum systems, allows one to understand why thermalization takes place in isolated systems under unitary dynamics. We motivate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Rohit Patil , Marcos Rigol

We present a simple and versatile method for deriving (an)isotropic local laws for general random matrices constructed from independent random variables. Our method is applicable to mean-field random matrices, where all independent…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-04-13 Yukun He , Antti Knowles , Ron Rosenthal

We consider conditions under which an isolated quantum system approaches a microcanonical equilibrium state. A key component is the eigenstate thermalisation hypothesis, which proposes that all energy eigenstates appear thermal. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-01 Joe Dunlop , Oliver Cohen , Anthony J. Short

We show that the distribution of (a suitable rescaling of) a single eigenvalue gap $\lambda_{i+1}(M_n)-\lambda_i(M_n)$ of a random Wigner matrix ensemble in the bulk is asymptotically given by the Gaudin-Mehta distribution, if the Wigner…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-09-03 Terence Tao

A generalized Wigner matrix perturbed by a finite-rank deterministic matrix is considered. The fluctuations of the largest eigenvalues, which emerge outside the bulk of the spectrum, and the corresponding eigenvectors, are studied. Under…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-16 Bishakh Bhattacharya , Arijit Chakrabarty , Rajat Subhra Hazra

Thermalization (generalized thermalization) in nonintegrable (integrable) quantum systems requires two ingredients: equilibration and agreement with the predictions of the Gibbs (generalized Gibbs) ensemble. We prove that observables that…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-08-10 Patrycja Łydżba , Marcin Mierzejewski , Marcos Rigol , Lev Vidmar

We consider the local eigenvalue distribution of large self-adjoint $N\times N$ random matrices $\mathbf{H}=\mathbf{H}^*$ with centered independent entries. In contrast to previous works the matrix of variances $s_{ij} = \mathbb{E}\,…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-08-09 Oskari Ajanki , Laszlo Erdos , Torben Krüger

By developing a semi-classical analysis based on the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis, we determine the long time behavior of a large spin evolving with a nonlinear Hamiltonian. Despite integrable classical dynamics, we find the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-10 Shane P. Kelly , Eddy Timmermans , S. -W. Tsai

We characterize the limiting fluctuations of traces of several independent Wigner matrices and deterministic matrices under mild conditions. A CLT holds but in general the families are not asymptotically free of second order and the…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-10-08 Camile Male , James A. Mingo , Sandrine Péché , Roland Speicher

The set of covariance matrices of a continuous-variable quantum system with a finite number of degrees of freedom is a strict subset of the set of real positive-definite matrices due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. This has the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-21 Arik Avagyan

Eigenstate thermalization has been numerically shown to occur for few-body observables in a wide range of nonintegrable models. For intensive sums of few-body observables, a weaker version of eigenstate thermalization known as weak…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-05-13 Patrycja Łydżba , Rafał Świętek , Marcin Mierzejewski , Marcos Rigol , Lev Vidmar

Understanding how isolated quantum systems thermalize has recently gathered renewed interest almost 100 years after the first work by von Neumann, thanks to the experimental realizations of such systems. Experimental and numerical pieces of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-01-08 Ryusuke Hamazaki

Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) is discussed. We show that one common formulation of ETH does not necessarily imply thermalization of an observable of isolated many body quantum system. To get thermalization one has to postulate…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-02-06 Oleg Inozemcev , Igor Volovich

For a sufficiently nice 2 dimensional shape, we define its approximating matrix (or patterned matrix) as a random matrix with iid entries arranged according to a given pattern. For large approximating matrices, we observe that the…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-01-04 Tapesh Yadav

We obtain the explicit rate of convergence $N^{-1/2 + \epsilon}$ for the gaps of generalized Wigner matrices in the bulk of the spectrum, for distributions of matrix entries possibly atomic and supported on enough points. The proof proceeds…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Albert Zhang

We prove the Wigner-Dyson-Mehta conjecture at fixed energy in the bulk of the spectrum for generalized symmetric and Hermitian Wigner matrices. Previous results concerning the universality of random matrices either require an averaging in…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-04-17 Paul Bourgade , Laszlo Erdos , Hong-Tzer Yau , Jun Yin

A strongly non-integrable system is expected to satisfy the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, which states that the expectation value of an observable in an energy eigenstate is the same as the thermal value. This must be revised if the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-11-04 Keith R. Fratus , Mark Srednicki

This work is to provide a comprehensive treatment of the relationship between the theory of the generalized (palindromic) eigenvalue problem and the theory of the Sylvester-type equations. Under a regularity assumption for a specific matrix…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2014-12-03 Matthew M. Lin , Chun-Yueh Chiang