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We consider a covariant causal set approach to discrete quantum gravity. We first review the microscopic picture of this approach. In this picture a universe grows one element at a time and its geometry is determined by a sequence of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-09-01 Stan Gudder

We argue that a consistent coupling of a quantum theory to gravity requires an extension of ordinary `first order' Riemannian geometry to second order Riemannian geometry, which incorporates both a line element and an area element. This…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-04-11 Folkert Kuipers

In a previous article we have introduced an operator representing the three-dimensional scalar curvature in loop quantum gravity. In this article we examine the new curvature operator in the setting of quantum-reduced loop gravity. We…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-03 Jerzy Lewandowski , Ilkka Mäkinen

We derive the Gauss-Codazzi equation in the holonomy and plane-angle representations and we use the result to write a Gauss-Codazzi equation for a discrete (2+1)-dimensional manifold, triangulated by isosceles tetrahedra. This allows us to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-01 Seramika Ariwahjoedi , Jusak Sali Kosasih , Carlo Rovelli , Freddy P. Zen

For even dimensional conformal manifolds several new conformally invariant objects were found recently: invariant differential complexes related to, but distinct from, the de Rham complex (these are elliptic in the case of Riemannian…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2009-11-13 A. Rod Gover , Josef Silhan

We obtain necessary optimality conditions for higher-order infinite horizon problems of the calculus of variations via discrete quantum operators.

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-09-11 Natalia Martins , Delfim F. M. Torres

Recent advances in emergent geometry and discretized approaches to quantum gravity have relied upon the notion of a discrete measure of graph curvature. We focus on the two main measures that have been studied, the so-called Ollivier-Ricci…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-06-08 Philip Tee , C. A. Trugenberger

We discuss spacetime instability for effective field theories of quantum gravity. The effective action of gravity introduces infinite higher derivative curvature terms $R^{2}, { R }_{ \mu \nu }{ R }^{ \mu \nu }, R_{\mu\nu\kappa\lambda}…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-10-21 Hiroki Matsui

Canonical quantum theories with discrete space may imply interesting effects. This article presents a general effective description, paying due attention to the role of higher spatial derivatives in a local expansion and differences to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-07-30 Martin Bojowald , George M. Paily , Juan D. Reyes

This article presents a simplified version of the author's previous work. We first construct a causal growth process (CGP). We then form path Hilbert spaces using paths of varying lengths in the CGP. A sequence of positive operators on…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-05-23 Stan Gudder

This paper presents an brief review of some recent work on the causal set approach to quantum gravity. Causal sets are a discretisation of spacetime that allow the symmetries of GR to be preserved in the continuum approximation. One…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-03-31 Joe Henson

I propose a quantum gravity model in which geometric space emerges from random bits in a quantum phase transition driven by the combinatorial Ollivier-Ricci curvature and corresponding to the condensation of short cycles in random graphs.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-10-25 Carlo A. Trugenberger

In quantum causality and quantum information, there is a vast landscape of abstract quantum protocols permitting cyclic or non-acyclic causal structures between operations, including frameworks for indefinite causal order and higher-order…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Matthias Salzger , V. Vilasini

The proposed theory of causally structured discrete fields studies integer values on directed edges of a self-similar graph with a propagation rule, which we define as a set of valid combinations of integer values and edge directions around…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-01-30 K. V. Bayandin

Causal set theory is an intrinsically nonlocal approach to quantum gravity, inheriting its nonlocality from Lorentzian nonlocality. This nonlocality causes problems in defining differential operators -- such as the d'Alembert operator, a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-24 Marián Boguñá , Dmitri Krioukov

The configuration space of causal sets is vast. It is a critical goal to map out this space. Here, we take a practical step towards this goal. We investigate nine classes of causal sets, most of them not studied before. These include…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-28 Astrid Eichhorn , Harald Mack , Kim Tuyen Le , Fabian Wagner

This paper aims at investigating the influence of space-time curvature on the uncertainty relation. In particular, relying on previous findings, we assume the quantum wave function to be confined to a geodesic ball on a given space-like…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-06-02 Luciano Petruzziello , Fabian Wagner

It has been observed earlier that, in principle, it is possible to obtain a quantum mechanical interpretation of higher order quantum cosmological models in the spatially homogeneous and isotropic background, if auxiliary variable required…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-10 Abhik Kumar Sanyal

Quantum processes with indefinite causal structure emerge when we wonder which are the most general evolutions, allowed by quantum theory, of a set of local systems which are not assumed to be in any particular causal order. These processes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-07 Luca Apadula , Alessandro Bisio , Paolo Perinotti

To solve the path integral for quantum gravity, one needs to regularise the space-times that are summed over. This regularisation usually is a discretisation, which makes it necessary to give up some paradigms or symmetries of continuum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-09-30 Lisa Glaser