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We show that on graphs with n vertices, the 2-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm requires at most O(n^2/log(n)) iterations to reach stabilization. This in particular shows that the previously best, trivial upper bound of O(n^2) is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Sandra Kiefer , Pascal Schweitzer

The Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) algorithms form a family of incomplete approaches to the graph isomorphism problem. They recently found various applications in algorithmic group theory and machine learning. In fact, the algorithms form a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Thomas Schneider , Pascal Schweitzer

In this note, we provide details of the $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman Algorithm and its analysis from Immerman-Lander (1990). In particular, we present an optimized version of the algorithm that runs in time $O(n^{k+1}\log n)$, where $k$…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Neil Immerman , Rik Sengupta

We prove near-optimal trade-offs for quantifier depth versus number of variables in first-order logic by exhibiting pairs of $n$-element structures that can be distinguished by a $k$-variable first-order sentence but where every such…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-09-02 Christoph Berkholz , Jakob Nordström

The Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) algorithm is a well-known combinatorial procedure for detecting symmetries in graphs and it is widely used in graph-isomorphism tests. It proceeds by iteratively refining a colouring of vertex tuples. The number of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Martin Grohe , Sandra Kiefer

An origin of the multidimensional Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm goes back to a refinement procedure of deep stabilization, introduced by B. Weisfeiler in a paper included in the collective monograph ``On construction and identification of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-11-17 Gang Chen , Qing Ren , Ilia Ponomarenko

The Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) dimension is an established measure for the inherent descriptive complexity of graphs and relational structures. It corresponds to the number of variables that are needed and sufficient to define the object of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Sandra Kiefer , Daniel Neuen

In this paper, we show that the $(3k+4)$-dimensional Weisfeiler--Leman algorithm can identify graphs of treewidth $k$ in $O(\log n)$ rounds. This improves the result of Grohe & Verbitsky (ICALP 2006), who previously established the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Michael Levet , Puck Rombach , Nicholas Sieger

We prove that the Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) dimension of the class of all finite planar graphs is at most 3. In particular, every finite planar graph is definable in first-order logic with counting using at most 4 variables. The previously best…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-08-25 Sandra Kiefer , Ilia Ponomarenko , Pascal Schweitzer

The Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) dimension of a graph is a measure for the inherent descriptive complexity of the graph. While originally derived from a combinatorial graph isomorphism test called the Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm, the WL dimension…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Martin Grohe , Sandra Kiefer

We prove that the number of iterations taken by the Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm for configurations coming from Schreier graphs is closely linked to the diameter of the graphs themselves: an upper bound is found for general Schreier graphs,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-19 Daniele Dona

The Weisfeiler--Lehman (WL) test is a fundamental iterative algorithm for checking isomorphism of graphs. It has also been observed that it underlies the design of several graph neural network architectures, whose capabilities and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Valentino Delle Rose , Alexander Kozachinskiy , Cristóbal Rojas , Mircea Petrache , Pablo Barceló

The WL-dimension of a graph X is the smallest positive integer m such that the m-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm correctly tests the isomorphism between X and any other graph. It is proved that the WL-dimension of any circulant graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-01 Ilia Ponomarenko

k-means is a widely used clustering algorithm, but for $k$ clusters and a dataset size of $N$, each iteration of Lloyd's algorithm costs $O(kN)$ time. Although there are existing techniques to accelerate single Lloyd iterations, none of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-01-18 Ryan R. Curtin

The Weisfeiler-Leman procedure is a widely-used technique for graph isomorphism testing that works by iteratively computing an isomorphism-invariant coloring of vertex tuples. Meanwhile, a fundamental tool in structural graph theory, which…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Sandra Kiefer , Daniel Neuen

We give a lower bound on the iteration complexity of a natural class of Lagrangean-relaxation algorithms for approximately solving packing/covering linear programs. We show that, given an input with $m$ random 0/1-constraints on $n$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-11-23 Phil Klein , Neal E. Young

Let ${\cal L}$ be an arrangement of $n$ lines in the Euclidean plane. The \emph{$k$-level} of ${\cal L}$ consists of all vertices $v$ of the arrangement which have exactly $k$ lines of ${\cal L}$ passing below $v$. The complexity (the…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Man-Kwun Chiu , Stefan Felsner , Manfred Scheucher , Patrick Schnider , Raphael Steiner , Pavel Valtr

A common problem to all applications of linear finite dynamical systems is analyzing the dynamics without enumerating every possible state transition. Of particular interest is the long term dynamical behaviour. In this paper, we study the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-04-01 Björn Lindenberg

This paper proposes a new variant of Frank-Wolfe (FW), called $k$FW. Standard FW suffers from slow convergence: iterates often zig-zag as update directions oscillate around extreme points of the constraint set. The new variant, $k$FW,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-17 Lijun Ding , Jicong Fan , Madeleine Udell

In this paper, we show that the constant-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm for groups (Brachter & Schweitzer, LICS 2020) can be fruitfully used to improve parallel complexity upper bounds on isomorphism testing for several families of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Joshua A. Grochow , Michael Levet
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