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We provide the first non-trivial lower bounds for single-qubit tomography algorithms and show that at least ${\Omega}\left(\frac{10^N}{\sqrt{N} \varepsilon^2}\right)$ copies are required to learn an $N$-qubit state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-30 Jayadev Acharya , Abhilash Dharmavarapu , Yuhan Liu , Nengkun Yu

Consider quantum channels with input dimension $d_1$, output dimension $d_2$ and Kraus rank at most $r$. Any such channel must satisfy the constraint $rd_2\geq d_1$, and the parameter regime $rd_2=d_1$ is called the boundary regime. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-16 Kean Chen , Zhicheng Zhang , Nengkun Yu

Understanding the noise affecting a quantum device is of fundamental importance for scaling quantum technologies. A particularly important class of noise models is that of Pauli channels, as randomized compiling techniques can effectively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-19 Omar Fawzi , Aadil Oufkir , Daniel Stilck França

We show that $n = \Omega(rd/\varepsilon^2)$ copies are necessary to learn a rank $r$ mixed state $\rho \in \mathbb{C}^{d \times d}$ up to error $\varepsilon$ in trace distance. This matches the upper bound of $n = O(rd/\varepsilon^2)$ from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Thilo Scharnhorst , Jack Spilecki , John Wright

Quantum state tomography is a fundamental problem in quantum computing. Given $n$ copies of an unknown $N$-qubit state $\rho \in \mathbb{C}^{d \times d},d=2^N$, the goal is to learn the state up to an accuracy $\epsilon$ in trace distance,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-26 Jayadev Acharya , Abhilash Dharmavarapu , Yuhan Liu , Nengkun Yu

In this work, we consider the fundamental task of quantum state certification: given copies of an unknown quantum state $\rho$, test whether it matches some target state $\sigma$ or is $\epsilon$-far from it. For certifying $d$-dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Chirag Wadhwa , Sitan Chen

We introduce the problem of *shadow tomography*: given an unknown $D$-dimensional quantum mixed state $\rho$, as well as known two-outcome measurements $E_{1},\ldots,E_{M}$, estimate the probability that $E_{i}$ accepts $\rho$, to within…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-14 Scott Aaronson

For quantum state tomography on rank-$r$ dimension-$d$ states, we show that $\widetilde{O}(r^{.5}d^{1.5}/\epsilon) \leq \widetilde{O}(d^2/\epsilon)$ copies suffice for accuracy~$\epsilon$ with respect to (Bures) $\chi^2$-divergence, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-26 Steven T. Flammia , Ryan O'Donnell

The application of quantum estimation theory to the problem of imaging two incoherent point sources has recently led to new insights and better measurements for incoherent imaging and spectroscopy. To establish a more general limit beyond…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-09 Mankei Tsang

Quantum state tomography (QST) is one of the fundamental problems in quantum information. Among various metrics, sample complexity is widely used to evaluate QST algorithms. While multi-copy measurements are known to achieve optimal sample…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Gyungmin Cho , Dohun Kim

In this work we are interested the problem of testing quantum entanglement. More specifically, we study the separability problem in quantum property testing, where one is given $n$ copies of an unknown mixed quantum state $\varrho$ on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-11 Costin Bădescu , Ryan O'Donnell

We prove that $\tilde{\Theta}(k d^2 / \varepsilon^2)$ samples are necessary and sufficient for learning a mixture of $k$ Gaussians in $\mathbb{R}^d$, up to error $\varepsilon$ in total variation distance. This improves both the known upper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Hassan Ashtiani , Shai Ben-David , Nick Harvey , Christopher Liaw , Abbas Mehrabian , Yaniv Plan

We revisit the basic problem of quantum state certification: given copies of unknown mixed state $\rho\in\mathbb{C}^{d\times d}$ and the description of a mixed state $\sigma$, decide whether $\sigma = \rho$ or $\|\sigma -…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-12 Sitan Chen , Jerry Li , Ryan O'Donnell

The entropy of a quantum system is a measure of its randomness, and has applications in measuring quantum entanglement. We study the problem of measuring the von Neumann entropy, $S(\rho)$, and R\'enyi entropy, $S_\alpha(\rho)$ of an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-19 Jayadev Acharya , Ibrahim Issa , Nirmal V. Shende , Aaron B. Wagner

In order to build a large scale quantum computer, one must be able to correct errors extremely fast. We design a fast decoding algorithm for topological codes to correct for Pauli errors and erasure and combination of both errors and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-08 Nicolas Delfosse , Naomi H. Nickerson

We present a two-step protocol for quantum measurement tomography that is light on classical co-processing cost and still achieves optimal sample complexity in the system dimension. Given measurement data from a known probe state ensemble,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Leonardo Zambrano , Sergi Ramos-Calderer , Richard Kueng

We give an algorithm for pure state tomography with near-optimal copy and time complexity using only single-qubit measurements. Specifically, given $\widetilde{O}(2^n/\epsilon)$ copies of an unknown $n$-qubit pure state $|\psi\rangle$, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Sabee Grewal , Meghal Gupta , William He , Aniruddha Sen , Mihir Singhal

We consider the problem of quantum state certification, where one is given $n$ copies of an unknown $d$-dimensional quantum mixed state $\rho$, and one wants to test whether $\rho$ is equal to some known mixed state $\sigma$ or else is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-07 Costin Bădescu , Ryan O'Donnell , John Wright

Estimating the unitarity of an unknown quantum channel $\mathcal{E}$ provides information on how much it is unitary, which is a basic and important problem in quantum device certification and benchmarking. Unitarity estimation can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-23 Kean Chen , Qisheng Wang , Peixun Long , Mingsheng Ying

In quantum purity amplification, one is given $n$ copies of a noisy quantum state $\rho \in \mathbb{C}^{d \times d}$ and asked to prepare $k$ copies of its principal eigenstate $|v_d\rangle$. Several prior works have derived…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Thilo Scharnhorst , Jack Spilecki , John Wright