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A foundational requirement of a deployed ML model is to generalize to data drawn from a testing distribution that is different from training. A popular solution to this problem is to adapt a pre-trained model to novel domains using only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Kowshik Thopalli , Pavan Turaga , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enables a pre-trained model to adapt online to an unlabeled test stream under distribution shift. While most TTA research focuses on the adaptation objective, practical streams also depend critically on the memory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Shyma Alhuwaider , Yasmeen Alsaedy , Merey Ramazanova , Silvio Giancola , Bernard Ghanem

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a pretrained model to distribution shifts using only unlabeled test data. While promising, existing methods like Tent suffer from instability and can catastrophically forget the source knowledge,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Harshil Vejendla

Among the most insidious attacks on Reinforcement Learning (RL) solutions are training-time attacks (TTAs) that create loopholes and backdoors in the learned behaviour. Not limited to a simple disruption, constructive TTAs (C-TTAs) are now…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Ridhima Bector , Abhay Aradhya , Chai Quek , Zinovi Rabinovich

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) enables pre-trained models to adapt to continuously evolving domains. Existing methods have improved robustness but typically rely on fixed or batch-level thresholds, which cannot account for varying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Seunghwan Lee , Inyoung Jung , Hojoon Lee , Eunil Park , Sungeun Hong

Text understanding often suffers from domain shifts. To handle testing domains, domain adaptation (DA) is trained to adapt to a fixed and observed testing domain; a more challenging paradigm, test-time adaptation (TTA), cannot access the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianlun Liu , Zhiliang Tian , Zhen Huang , Xingzhi Zhou , Wanlong Yu , Tianle Liu , Feng Liu , Dongsheng Li

Test-time Adaptation (TTA) poses a challenge, requiring models to dynamically adapt and perform optimally on shifting target domains. This task is particularly emphasized in real-world driving scenes, where weather domain shifts occur…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Dongjae Jeon , Taeheon Kim , Seongwon Cho , Minhyuk Seo , Jonghyun Choi

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) aims to tackle distribution shifts using unlabeled test data without access to the source data. In the context of multimodal data, there are more complex noise patterns than unimodal data such as simultaneous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zirun Guo , Tao Jin

In Test-time Adaptation (TTA), given a source model, the goal is to adapt it to make better predictions for test instances from a different distribution than the source. Crucially, TTA assumes no access to the source data or even any…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Ansh Khurana , Sujoy Paul , Piyush Rai , Soma Biswas , Gaurav Aggarwal

Domain adaptation (DA) techniques help deep learning models generalize across data shifts for point cloud semantic segmentation (PCSS). Test-time adaptation (TTA) allows direct adaptation of a pre-trained model to unlabeled data during…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Puzuo Wang , Wei Yao , Jie Shao , Zhiyi He

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods improve the robustness of deep neural networks to domain shift on a variety of tasks such as image classification or segmentation. This work explores adapting segmentation models to a single unlabelled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Klara Janouskova , Tamir Shor , Chaim Baskin , Jiri Matas

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to improve the performance of source-domain pre-trained models on previously unseen, shifted target domains. Traditional TTA methods primarily adapt model weights based on target data streams, making model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Jiayi Guo , Junhao Zhao , Chaoqun Du , Yulin Wang , Chunjiang Ge , Zanlin Ni , Shiji Song , Humphrey Shi , Gao Huang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) of 3D point clouds is crucial for mitigating discrepancies between training and testing samples in real-world scenarios, particularly when handling corrupted point clouds. LiDAR data, for instance, can be affected…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Hamidreza Dastmalchi , Aijun An , Ali Cheraghian , Shafin Rahman , Sameera Ramasinghe

This article presents a comprehensive survey of online test-time adaptation (OTTA), focusing on effectively adapting machine learning models to distributionally different target data upon batch arrival. Despite the recent proliferation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zixin Wang , Yadan Luo , Liang Zheng , Zhuoxiao Chen , Sen Wang , Zi Huang

Interactive segmentation (IS) allows users to iteratively refine object boundaries with minimal cues, such as positive and negative clicks. While the Segment Anything Model (SAM) has garnered attention in the IS community for its promptable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jihun Kim , Hoyong Kwon , Hyeokjun Kweon , Wooseong Jeong , Kuk-Jin Yoon

Traditional test-time adaptation (TTA) methods face significant challenges in adapting to dynamic environments characterized by continuously changing long-term target distributions. These challenges primarily stem from two factors:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Fahim Faisal Niloy , Sk Miraj Ahmed , Dripta S. Raychaudhuri , Samet Oymak , Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury

Multivariate time-series anomaly detection (MTSAD) aims to identify deviations from normality in multivariate time-series and is critical in real-world applications. However, in real-world deployments, distribution shifts are ubiquitous and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 HyunGi Kim , Jisoo Mok , Hyungyu Lee , Juhyeon Shin , Sungroh Yoon

Test-time adaptation harnesses test inputs to improve the accuracy of a model trained on source data when tested on shifted target data. Existing methods update the source model by (re-)training on each target domain. While effective,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Jin Gao , Jialing Zhang , Xihui Liu , Trevor Darrell , Evan Shelhamer , Dequan Wang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) is proposed to migrate a source pre-trained model to continually changing target distributions, addressing real-world dynamism. Existing CTTA methods mainly rely on entropy minimization or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Jiaming Liu , Ran Xu , Senqiao Yang , Renrui Zhang , Qizhe Zhang , Zehui Chen , Yandong Guo , Shanghang Zhang

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables pre-trained models to bridge the gap between source and target datasets using unlabeled test data, addressing domain shifts caused by corruptions like weather changes, noise, or sensor malfunctions in test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Yufei Zhang , Yicheng Xu , Hongxin Wei , Zhiping Lin , Xiaofeng Zou , Cen Chen , Huiping Zhuang
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