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The rapid development of deep learning has benefited from the release of some high-quality open-sourced datasets ($e.g.$, ImageNet), which allows researchers to easily verify the effectiveness of their algorithms. Almost all existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Yiming Li , Ziqi Zhang , Jiawang Bai , Baoyuan Wu , Yong Jiang , Shu-Tao Xia

Code Summarization Model (CSM) has been widely used in code production, such as online and web programming for PHP and Javascript. CSMs are essential tools in code production, enhancing software development efficiency and driving innovation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jiale Zhang , Haoxuan Li , Di Wu , Xiaobing Sun , Qinghua Lu , Guodong Long

Counterfactual (CF) explanations for ML model predictions provide actionable recourse recommendations to individuals adversely impacted by predicted outcomes. However, despite being preferred by end-users, CF explanations have been shown to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Hangzhi Guo , Firdaus Ahmed Choudhury , Tinghua Chen , Amulya Yadav

We present the first in depth study on the robustness of existing watermarking techniques applied to code generated by large language models (LLMs). As LLMs increasingly contribute to software development, watermarking has emerged as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Tarun Suresh , Shubham Ugare , Gagandeep Singh , Sasa Misailovic

Large language models (LLMs) can be trained or fine-tuned on data obtained without the owner's consent. Verifying whether a specific LLM was trained on particular data instances or an entire dataset is extremely challenging. Dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Eyal German , Sagiv Antebi , Edan Habler , Asaf Shabtai , Yuval Elovici

Increasingly, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are used in eScience applications [9]. While these approaches have great potential, the literature has shown that ML-based approaches frequently suffer from results that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Zhiwei Li , Carl Kesselman , Mike D'Arch , Michael Pazzani , Benjamin Yizing Xu

As there are increasing needs of sharing data for machine learning, there is growing attention for the owners of the data to claim the ownership. Visible watermarking has been an effective way to claim the ownership of visual data, yet the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Sanghyun Hong , Tae-hoon Kim , Tudor Dumitraş , Jonghyun Choi

With the application of vertical domain pre-trained language models (VPLMs) in specialized fields such as medical, finance, and law, model parameters and inference capabilities have become important digital assets. Achieving traceable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Cong Kong , Xin Cheng , Zhaoxia Yin , Shuai Li , Jie Zhang , Weiming Zhang

Although an ever-growing number of applications employ deep learning based systems for prediction, decision-making, or state estimation, almost no certification processes have been established that would allow such systems to be deployed in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Romeo Valentin

The Large Language Model (LLM) watermark is a newly emerging technique that shows promise in addressing concerns surrounding LLM copyright, monitoring AI-generated text, and preventing its misuse. The LLM watermark scheme commonly includes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Zhaoxi Zhang , Xiaomei Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Chao Chen , Shengshan Hu , Asif Gill , Shirui Pan

Protecting the intellectual property of machine learning models is a hot topic and many watermarking schemes for deep neural networks have been proposed in the literature. Unfortunately, prior work largely neglected the investigation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Stefano Calzavara , Lorenzo Cazzaro , Donald Gera , Salvatore Orlando

The development of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns about potential misuse. One practical solution is to embed a watermark in the text, allowing ownership verification through watermark extraction. Existing methods primarily…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuhang Cai , Yaofei Wang , Donghui Hu , Chen Gu

AI-powered generative models have significantly expanded the possibilities for editing, manipulating, and creating high-quality images. Particularly, images that falsely appear to originate from trusted sources pose a serious threat,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Mathias Graf , Marco Willi , Melanie Mathys , Michael Aerni , Christian Schwarzer , Martin Melchior , Michael H. Graber

Machine learning models are being used in an increasing number of critical applications; thus, securing their integrity and ownership is critical. Recent studies observed that adversarial training and watermarking have a conflicting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Janvi Thakkar , Giulio Zizzo , Sergio Maffeis

In this work, we propose a set-membership inference attack for generative models using deep image watermarking techniques. In particular, we demonstrate how conditional sampling from a generative model can reveal the watermark that was…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Mike Laszkiewicz , Denis Lukovnikov , Johannes Lederer , Asja Fischer

Data has been regarded as a valuable asset with the fast development of artificial intelligence technologies. In this paper, we introduce deep-learning neural network-based frequency-domain watermarking for protecting energy system time…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-12 Zhenghao Zhou , Yiyan Li , Xinjie Yu , Jian Ping , Xiaoyuan Xu , Zheng Yan , Mohammad Shahidehpour

We present a framework that allows to certify the fairness degree of a model based on an interactive and privacy-preserving test. The framework verifies any trained model, regardless of its training process and architecture. Thus, it allows…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Shahar Segal , Yossi Adi , Benny Pinkas , Carsten Baum , Chaya Ganesh , Joseph Keshet

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) offers a promising approach to identifying AI-generated text. Existing approaches, however, either compromise the distribution of original generated text by LLMs or are limited to embedding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Ya Jiang , Chuxiong Wu , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Brian Mark , Kai Zeng

Given how large parts of publicly available text are crawled to pretrain large language models (LLMs), data creators increasingly worry about the inclusion of their proprietary data for model training without attribution or licensing. Their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Saksham Rastogi , Pratyush Maini , Danish Pruthi

Model watermarking utilizes internal representations to protect the ownership of large language models (LLMs). However, these features inevitably undergo complex distortions during realistic model modifications such as fine-tuning,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zikang Ding , Junhao Li , Suling Wu , Junchi Yao , Hongbo Liu , Lijie Hu
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