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Prompting is a mainstream paradigm for adapting large language models to specific natural language processing tasks without modifying internal parameters. Therefore, detailed supplementary knowledge needs to be integrated into external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Kaiyan Chang , Songcheng Xu , Chenglong Wang , Yingfeng Luo , Xiaoqian Liu , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Prompt-based continual learning methods fine-tune only a small set of additional learnable parameters while keeping the pre-trained model's parameters frozen. It enables efficient adaptation to new tasks while mitigating the risk of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Shengqin Jiang , Tianqi Kong , Yuankai Qi , Haokui Zhang , Lina Yao , Quan Z. Sheng , Qingshan Liu , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Continual Learning aims to learn a single model on a sequence of tasks without having access to data from previous tasks. The biggest challenge in the domain still remains catastrophic forgetting: a loss in performance on seen classes of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Muhammad Gul Zain Ali Khan , Muhammad Ferjad Naeem , Luc Van Gool , Didier Stricker , Federico Tombari , Muhammad Zeshan Afzal

Recently, prompt learning has become a new paradigm to utilize pre-trained language models (PLMs) and achieves promising results in downstream tasks with a negligible increase of parameters. The current usage of discrete and continuous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Feihu Jin , Jinliang Lu , Jiajun Zhang , Chengqing Zong

Prompt-learning has become a new paradigm in modern natural language processing, which directly adapts pre-trained language models (PLMs) to $cloze$-style prediction, autoregressive modeling, or sequence to sequence generation, resulting in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Ning Ding , Shengding Hu , Weilin Zhao , Yulin Chen , Zhiyuan Liu , Hai-Tao Zheng , Maosong Sun

Prompt engineering has emerged as an indispensable technique for extending the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs). This approach leverages task-specific instructions, known as prompts, to enhance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Pranab Sahoo , Ayush Kumar Singh , Sriparna Saha , Vinija Jain , Samrat Mondal , Aman Chadha

Prompt learning is a new learning paradigm which reformulates downstream tasks as similar pretraining tasks on pretrained models by leveraging textual prompts. Recent works have demonstrated that prompt learning is particularly useful for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Yue Zhang , Hongliang Fei , Dingcheng Li , Tan Yu , Ping Li

Prompting has become a practical method for utilizing pre-trained language models (LMs). This approach offers several advantages. It allows an LM to adapt to new tasks with minimal training and parameter updates, thus achieving efficiency…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-26 Kai-Wei Chang , Haibin Wu , Yu-Kai Wang , Yuan-Kuei Wu , Hua Shen , Wei-Cheng Tseng , Iu-thing Kang , Shang-Wen Li , Hung-yi Lee

This survey reviews prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for adapting language models by prepending trainable continuous vectors while keeping the model frozen. We classify existing approaches into two categories: direct prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zongqian Li , Yixuan Su , Nigel Collier

The adaptation of large-scale vision-language models (VLMs) to downstream tasks with limited labeled data remains a significant challenge. While parameter-efficient prompt learning methods offer a promising path, they often suffer from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Enming Zhang , Jiayang Li , Yanru Wu , Zhenyu Liu , Yang Li

Prompt learning has been designed as an alternative to fine-tuning for adapting Vision-language (V-L) models to the downstream tasks. Previous works mainly focus on text prompt while visual prompt works are limited for V-L models. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Chen Xu , Yuhan Zhu , Haocheng Shen , Boheng Chen , Yixuan Liao , Xiaoxin Chen , Limin Wang

Continual learning requires to overcome catastrophic forgetting when training a single model on a sequence of tasks. Recent top-performing approaches are prompt-based methods that utilize a set of learnable parameters (i.e., prompts) to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Li Jiao , Qiuxia Lai , Yu Li , Qiang Xu

Soft prompts have been recently proposed as a tool for adapting large frozen language models (LMs) to new tasks. In this work, we repurpose soft prompts to the task of injecting world knowledge into LMs. We introduce a method to train soft…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Cicero Nogueira dos Santos , Zhe Dong , Daniel Cer , John Nham , Siamak Shakeri , Jianmo Ni , Yun-hsuan Sung

Continual learning refers to the ability to acquire and transfer knowledge without catastrophically forgetting what was previously learned. In this work, we consider \emph{few-shot} continual learning in classification tasks, and we propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Mengmi Zhang , Tao Wang , Joo Hwee Lim , Gabriel Kreiman , Jiashi Feng

Pretrained large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as summarization, question answering, and translation. However, LLMs pose significant security risks due to their tendency to memorize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zhepeng Wang , Runxue Bao , Yawen Wu , Jackson Taylor , Cao Xiao , Feng Zheng , Weiwen Jiang , Shangqian Gao , Yanfu Zhang

For continual learning, text-prompt-based methods leverage text encoders and learnable prompts to encode semantic features for sequentially arrived classes over time. A common challenge encountered by existing works is how to learn unique…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jie Mei , Li-Leng Peng , Keith Fuller , Jenq-Neng Hwang

Autoprompting is the process of automatically selecting optimized prompts for language models, which has been gaining popularity with the rapid advancement of prompt engineering, driven by extensive research in the field of large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Viktor N. Zhuravlev , Artur R. Khairullin , Ernest A. Dyagin , Alena N. Sitkina , Nikita I. Kulin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown outstanding performance across a variety of tasks, partly due to advanced prompting techniques. However, these techniques often require lengthy prompts, which increase computational costs and can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Jinwu Hu , Wei Zhang , Yufeng Wang , Yu Hu , Bin Xiao , Mingkui Tan , Qing Du

Prompt-tuning methods for Continual Learning (CL) freeze a large pre-trained model and train a few parameter vectors termed prompts. Most of these methods organize these vectors in a pool of key-value pairs and use the input image as query…

This paper introduces INCPrompt, an innovative continual learning solution that effectively addresses catastrophic forgetting. INCPrompt's key innovation lies in its use of adaptive key-learner and task-aware prompts that capture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Zhiyuan Wang , Xiaoyang Qu , Jing Xiao , Bokui Chen , Jianzong Wang