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We study the sample complexity of the best-case Empirical Risk Minimizer in the setting of stochastic convex optimization. We show that there exists an instance in which the sample size is linear in the dimension, learning is possible, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Tal Burla , Roi Livni

Despite impressive performance on language modelling and complex reasoning tasks, Large Language Models (LLMs) fall short on the same tasks in uncommon settings or with distribution shifts, exhibiting a lack of generalisation ability. By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Gaël Gendron , Bao Trung Nguyen , Alex Yuxuan Peng , Michael Witbrock , Gillian Dobbie

Many learning algorithms have invariances: when their training data is transformed in certain ways, the function they learn transforms in a predictable manner. Here we formalize this notion using concepts from the mathematical field of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Kenneth D. Harris

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) is suitable for safety-critical domains where online exploration is too costly or dangerous. In such safety-critical settings, decision-making should take into consideration the risk of catastrophic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Marc Rigter , Bruno Lacerda , Nick Hawes

Domain generalization asks for models trained over a set of training environments to generalize well in unseen test environments. Recently, a series of algorithms such as Invariant Risk Minimization (IRM) have been proposed for domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Haoxiang Wang , Gargi Balasubramaniam , Haozhe Si , Bo Li , Han Zhao

Statistical learning methods typically assume that the training and test data originate from the same distribution, enabling effective risk minimization. However, real-world applications frequently involve distributional shifts, leading to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-27 Philip Kennerberg , Ernst C. Wit

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) is a common technique for inferring human preferences from data. Standard IRL techniques tend to assume that the human demonstrator is stationary, that is that their policy $\pi$ doesn't change over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Harry Giles , Lawrence Chan

The strength of multimodal learning lies in its ability to integrate information from various sources, providing rich and comprehensive insights. However, in real-world scenarios, multi-modal systems often face the challenge of dynamic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Xiyuan Gao , Bing Cao , Pengfei Zhu , Nannan Wang , Qinghua Hu

Spatiotemporal prediction over graphs (STPG) is challenging, because real-world data suffers from the Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization problem, where test data follow different distributions from training ones. To address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Zhaobin Mo , Haotian Xiang , Xuan Di

We study risk-sensitive reinforcement learning (RL), a crucial field due to its ability to enhance decision-making in scenarios where it is essential to manage uncertainty and minimize potential adverse outcomes. Particularly, our work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Dake Zhang , Boxiang Lyu , Shuang Qiu , Mladen Kolar , Tong Zhang

We consider training machine learning models that are fair in the sense that their performance is invariant under certain sensitive perturbations to the inputs. For example, the performance of a resume screening system should be invariant…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-16 Mikhail Yurochkin , Amanda Bower , Yuekai Sun

Machine learning algorithms typically assume that training and test examples are drawn from the same distribution. However, distribution shift is a common problem in real-world applications and can cause models to perform dramatically worse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Huaxiu Yao , Yu Wang , Sai Li , Linjun Zhang , Weixin Liang , James Zou , Chelsea Finn

Performativity, the phenomenon where outcomes are influenced by predictions, is particularly prevalent in social contexts where individuals strategically respond to a deployed model. In order to preserve the high accuracy of machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-31 Nikita Tsoy , Ivan Kirev , Negin Rahimiyazdi , Nikola Konstantinov

Despite rapid advances in speech recognition, current models remain brittle to superficial perturbations to their inputs. Small amounts of noise can destroy the performance of an otherwise state-of-the-art model. To harden models against…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-07-19 Davis Liang , Zhiheng Huang , Zachary C. Lipton

In this work, we study the problem of learning a single model for multiple domains. Unlike the conventional machine learning scenario where each domain can have the corresponding model, multiple domains (i.e., applications/users) may share…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Qi Qian , Shenghuo Zhu , Jiasheng Tang , Rong Jin , Baigui Sun , Hao Li

Clinical machine learning models are increasingly trained using large scale, multimodal foundation paradigms, yet deployment environments often differ systematically from the data generating settings used during training. Such shifts arise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yuanyun Zhang , Shi Li

In real-world applications, the distribution of the data, and our goals, evolve over time. The prevailing theoretical framework for studying machine learning, namely probably approximately correct (PAC) learning, largely ignores time. As a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-31 Ashwin De Silva , Rahul Ramesh , Rubing Yang , Siyu Yu , Joshua T Vogelstein , Pratik Chaudhari

In many real-world reinforcement learning (RL) problems, the environment exhibits inherent symmetries that can be exploited to improve learning efficiency. This paper develops a theoretical and algorithmic framework for incorporating known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Alexandru Cioba , Aya Kayal , Laura Toni , Sattar Vakili , Alberto Bernacchia

Empirical risk minimization often performs poorly when the distribution of the target domain differs from those of source domains. To address such potential distribution shifts, we develop an unsupervised domain adaptation approach that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-25 Zhenyu Wang , Peter Bühlmann , Zijian Guo

Consider learning an imitation policy on the basis of demonstrated behavior from multiple environments, with an eye towards deployment in an unseen environment. Since the observable features from each setting may be different, directly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-06 Ioana Bica , Daniel Jarrett , Mihaela van der Schaar