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In this work, we deal with extreme value theory in the context of continued fractions using techniques from probability theory, ergodic theory and real analysis. We give an upper bound for the rate of convergence in the Doeblin-Iosifescu…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-08-06 Anish Ghosh , Maxim Kirsebom , Parthanil Roy

Benford's law is the statement that in many real-world data sets, the probability of having digit \(d\) in base \(B\), where \(1 \leq d \leq B\), as the first digit is \(\log_{B}\left(\tfrac{d+1}{d}\right)\). We sometimes refer to this as…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Bruce Fang , Ava Irons , Ella Lippelman , Steven J. Miller

The notion of density of a finite set is introduced. We prove a general theorem of set theory which refines the Gibbs, Bose--Einstein, and Pareto distributions as well as the Zipf law.

Physics and Society · Physics 2007-05-23 V. P. Maslov

We attempt to investigate a two-dimensional Gauss-Kuzmin theorem for R\'enyi-type continued fraction expansions. More precisely speaking, our focus is to obtain specific lower and upper bounds for the error term considered which imply the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-13 Gabriela Ileana Sebe , Dan Lascu

Our contribution is to widen the scope of extreme value analysis applied to discrete-valued data. Extreme values of a random variable $X$ are commonly modeled using the generalized Pareto distribution, a method that often gives good results…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-07-18 Adrien Hitz , Richard Davis , Gennady Samorodnitsky

Benford's Law is an empirical law which predicts the frequency of significant digits in databases corresponding to various phenomena, natural or artificial. Although counter intuitive at the first sight, it predicts a higher occurrence of…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2014-06-30 Gaurav Bhole , Abhishek Shukla , T. S. Mahesh

Benford's Law predicts that the first significant digit on the leftmost side of numbers in real-life data is proportioned between all possible 1 to 9 digits approximately as in LOG(1 + 1/digit), so that low digits occur much more frequently…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-01-03 Alex Ely Kossovsky

This paper establishes complete convergence for weighted sums and the Marcinkiewicz--Zygmund-type strong law of large numbers for sequences of negatively associated and identically distributed random variables $\{X,X_n,n\ge1\}$ with general…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-03-02 Vu Thi Ngoc Anh , Nguyen Thi Thanh Hien , Lê Vǎn Thành , Vo Thi Hong Van

We formalize a generalized form of the Pareto principle - ``fraction $p$ of inputs yields fraction $1-p$ of outputs'' - as a property of non-negative gain densities $\ell \in L^1([0,1])$, working with the decreasing rearrangement to obtain…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-05-14 Antti Hippeläinen

The following work is written in easy language for college level students. It shows how the first digit probabilities of a group of continuous real-valued functions can be calculated. Thus, examples explaining how the probabilities are…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2021-03-15 Irina Pashchenko

Generalized parton distributions (GPDs) provide a link between form factors, parton distributions and other observables. I discuss the connection between GPDs and parton distributions as a function of the impact parameter. Since this…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-31 Matthias Burkardt

This paper reviews generalized Pareto copulas (GPC), which turn out to be a key to multivariate extreme value theory. Any GPC can be represented in an easy analytic way using a particular type of norm on $\mathbb{R}^d$, called $D$-norm. The…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-11-26 Michael Falk , Simone Padoan , Florian Wisheckel

Benford's Law describes the finding that the distribution of leading (or leftmost) digits of innumerable datasets follows a well-defined logarithmic trend, rather than an intuitive uniformity. In practice this means that the most common…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2013-11-20 Aaron D. Slepkov , Kevin B. Ironside , David DiBattista

We describe various properties of continued fraction expansions of complex numbers in terms of Gaussian integers. Numerous distinct such expansions are possible for a complex number. They can be arrived at through various algorithms, as…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2011-02-21 S. G. Dani , Arnaldo Nogueira

It is known that increasing powers of a continuous random variable converge in distribution to Benford's law as the exponent approaches infinity. The rate of convergence has been estimated using Fourier analysis, but we present an…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-07-23 Michał Ryszard Wójcik

A two-dimensional Gauss-Kuzmin theorem for $N$-continued fraction expansions is shown. More exactly, we obtain a Gauss-Kuzmin theorem related to the natural extension of the measure-dynamical system corresponding to these expansions. Then,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-09-07 Gabriela Ileana Sebe , Dan Lascu

We show that generalised extreme value statistics -the statistics of the k-th largest value among a large set of random variables- can be mapped onto a problem of random sums. This allows us to identify classes of non-identical and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-11 Eric Bertin , Maxime Clusel

We show that Mellin moments of generalized parton distributions, given as even polynomials in the skewness parameter, are obtained from the Taylor expansion of light front wave functions. Furthermore, we derive non-standard versions of the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-11-29 Dieter Müller

There are now many theoretical explanations for why Benford's law of digit bias surfaces in so many diverse fields and data sets. After briefly reviewing some of these, we discuss in depth recurrence relations. As these are discrete…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-11-22 Madeleine Farris , Noah Luntzlara , Steven J. Miller , Lily Shao , Mengxi Wang

In 2020, Bergelson and Richter gave a dynamical generalization of the classical Prime Number Theorem, which has been generalized by Loyd in a disjoint form with the Erd\H{o}s-Kac Theorem. These generalizations reveal the rich ergodic…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-03-17 Biao Wang