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Average-reward reinforcement learning offers a principled framework for long-term decision-making by maximizing the mean reward per time step. Although Q-learning is a widely used model-free algorithm with established sample complexity in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-21 Yuchen Jiao , Jiin Woo , Gen Li , Gauri Joshi , Yuejie Chi

We study a multi-agent reinforcement learning dynamics, and analyze its asymptotic behavior in infinite-horizon discounted Markov potential games. We focus on the independent and decentralized setting, where players do not know the game…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Chinmay Maheshwari , Manxi Wu , Druv Pai , Shankar Sastry

Several multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have been proposed to optimize agents decisions. Due to the complexity of the problem, the majority of the previously developed MARL algorithms assumed agents either had some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-01-16 Sherief Abdallah , Victor Lesser

Existing multi-agent reinforcement learning methods are limited typically to a small number of agents. When the agent number increases largely, the learning becomes intractable due to the curse of the dimensionality and the exponential…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Yaodong Yang , Rui Luo , Minne Li , Ming Zhou , Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang

In large systems, it is important for agents to learn to act effectively, but sophisticated multi-agent learning algorithms generally do not scale. An alternative approach is to find restricted classes of games where simple, efficient…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2009-03-16 Ian A. Kash , Eric J. Friedman , Joseph Y. Halpern

In this paper, we explore the susceptibility of the independent Q-learning algorithms (a classical and widely used multi-agent reinforcement learning method) to strategic manipulation of sophisticated opponents in normal-form games played…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Yuksel Arslantas , Ege Yuceel , Muhammed O. Sayin

High sample complexity remains a barrier to the application of reinforcement learning (RL), particularly in multi-agent systems. A large body of work has demonstrated that exploration mechanisms based on the principle of optimism under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Robert Loftin , Aadirupa Saha , Sam Devlin , Katja Hofmann

Zero-sum games have long guided artificial intelligence research, since they possess both a rich strategy space of best-responses and a clear evaluation metric. What's more, competition is a vital mechanism in many real-world multi-agent…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Edward Hughes , Thomas W. Anthony , Tom Eccles , Joel Z. Leibo , David Balduzzi , Yoram Bachrach

This paper investigates the discrete-time asynchronous games in which noncooperative agents seek to minimize their individual cost functions. Building on the assumption of partial asynchronism, i.e., each agent updates at least once within…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-13 Zifan Wang , Xinlei Yi , Michael M. Zavlanos , Karl H. Johansson

In Reinforcement Learning the Q-learning algorithm provably converges to the optimal solution. However, as others have demonstrated, Q-learning can also overestimate the values and thereby spend too long exploring unhelpful states. Double…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 David Barber

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently achieved tremendous successes in many artificial intelligence applications. Many of the forefront applications of RL involve multiple agents, e.g., playing chess and Go games, autonomous driving, and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Asuman Ozdaglar , Muhammed O. Sayin , Kaiqing Zhang

Autonomous systems have achieved superhuman performance in isolation or simulation, yet they remain brittle in shared, dynamic real-world spaces. This failure stems from the dominant single-agent paradigm for physical applications, where…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Ismail Geles , Leonard Bauersfeld , Markus Wulfmeier , Davide Scaramuzza

Multiagent learning settings are inherently more difficult than single-agent learning because each agent interacts with other simultaneously learning agents in a shared environment. An effective approach in multiagent reinforcement learning…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Dong-Ki Kim , Matthew Riemer , Miao Liu , Jakob N. Foerster , Gerald Tesauro , Jonathan P. How

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in analyzing the non-asymptotic behavior of model-free reinforcement learning algorithms. However, the performance of such algorithms in non-ideal environments, such as in the presence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Sreejeet Maity , Aritra Mitra

Scale-invariance in games has recently emerged as a widely valued desirable property. Yet, almost all fast convergence guarantees in learning in games require prior knowledge of the utility scale. To address this, we develop learning…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Taira Tsuchiya , Haipeng Luo , Shinji Ito

Self-play, a learning paradigm where agents iteratively refine their policies by interacting with historical or concurrent versions of themselves or other evolving agents, has shown remarkable success in solving complex non-cooperative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ruize Zhang , Zelai Xu , Chengdong Ma , Chao Yu , Wei-Wei Tu , Wenhao Tang , Shiyu Huang , Deheng Ye , Wenbo Ding , Yaodong Yang , Yu Wang

We study a simple model of algorithmic collusion in which Q-learning algorithms are designed in a strategic fashion. We let players (\textit{designers}) choose their exploration policy simultaneously prior to letting their algorithms…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-09-13 Ivan Conjeaud

We study the problem of finding Stackelberg equilibria in games with a massive number of players. So far, the only known game instances in which the problem is solved in polynomial time are some particular congestion games. However, a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Alberto Marchesi , Matteo Castiglioni , Nicola Gatti

In this work, we study the interaction of strategic agents in continuous action Cournot games with limited information feedback. Cournot game is the essential market model for many socio-economic systems where agents learn and compete…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-09-15 Yuanyuan Shi , Baosen Zhang

Learning by experience in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is a difficult and exciting task, due to the lack of stationarity of the environment, whose dynamics evolves as the population learns. In order to design scalable algorithms for systems…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-24 Romuald Elie , Julien Pérolat , Mathieu Laurière , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin