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Evaluating the quality of generated text automatically remains a significant challenge. Conventional reference-based metrics have been shown to exhibit relatively weak correlation with human evaluations. Recent research advocates the use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Xiao Wang , Daniil Larionov , Siwei Wu , Yiqi Liu , Steffen Eger , Nafise Sadat Moosavi , Chenghua Lin

In recent years, researchers have created and introduced a significant number of various code generation models. As human evaluation of every new model version is unfeasible, the community adopted automatic evaluation metrics such as BLEU…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Mikhail Evtikhiev , Egor Bogomolov , Yaroslav Sokolov , Timofey Bryksin

A smell in software source code denotes an indication of suboptimal design and implementation decisions, potentially hindering the code understanding and, in turn, raising the likelihood of being prone to changes and faults. Identifying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Anh Ho , Anh M. T. Bui , Phuong T. Nguyen , Amleto Di Salle , Bach Le

Code generation and comprehension by Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as core drivers of industrial intelligence and decision optimization, finding widespread application in fields such as finance, automation, and aerospace.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Puyu Zeng , Zhaoxi Wang , Zhixu Duan , Liang Feng , Shaobo Wang , Cunxiang Wang , Jinghang Wang , Bing Zhao , Hu Wei , Linfeng Zhang

In this paper, we propose CodeSCM, a Structural Causal Model (SCM) for analyzing multi-modal code generation using large language models (LLMs). By applying interventions to CodeSCM, we measure the causal effects of different prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Mukur Gupta , Noopur Bhatt , Suman Jana

Understanding code represents a core ability needed for automating software development tasks. While foundation models like LLMs show impressive results across many software engineering challenges, the extent of their true semantic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Serge Lionel Nikiema , Jordan Samhi , Abdoul Kader Kaboré , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

Code generation, which aims to automatically generate source code from given programming requirements, has the potential to substantially improve software development efficiency. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs),…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Shouyu Yin , Zhao Tian , Junjie Chen , Shikai Guo

With the growing demand for spatiotemporal data processing and geospatial modeling, automating geospatial code generation has become essential for productivity. Large language models (LLMs) show promise in code generation but face…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Shuyang Hou , Zhangxiao Shen , Jianyuan Liang , Anqi Zhao , Zhipeng Gui , Rui Li , Huayi Wu

Code repair is a fundamental task in software development, facilitating efficient bug resolution and software maintenance. Although large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated considerable potential in automated code repair, their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Dekun Dai , MingWei Liu , Anji Li , Jialun Cao , Yanlin Wang , Chong Wang , Xin Peng , Zibin Zheng

Code security and usability are both essential for various coding assistant applications driven by large language models (LLMs). Current code security benchmarks focus solely on single evaluation task and paradigm, such as code completion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Yutao Mou , Xiao Deng , Yuxiao Luo , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

This study investigates the reliability of code generation by Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on identifying and analyzing defects in the generated code. Despite the advanced capabilities of LLMs in automating code generation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

Automatic code generation is to generate the program code according to the given natural language description. The current mainstream approach uses neural networks to encode natural language descriptions, and output abstract syntax trees…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Maosheng Zhong , Gen Liu , Hongwei Li , Jiangling Kuang , Jinshan Zeng , Mingwen Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in code generation and problem solving. Current approaches employ external tool-based iterative debuggers that use compiler or other tool-based runtime feedback to refine coarse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Md. Ashraful Islam , Mohammed Eunus Ali , Md Rizwan Parvez

Code generation is a core application of large language models (LLMs), yet LLMs still frequently fail on complex programming tasks. Given its success in mathematical reasoning, test-time scaling approaches such as Process Reward Model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Ruiyi Zhang , Peijia Qin , Qi Cao , Eric Xue , Pengtao Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into software engineering workflows, yet current benchmarks provide only coarse performance summaries that obscure the diverse capabilities and limitations of these models. This paper…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Felix Mächtle , Jan-Niclas Serr , Nils Loose , Thomas Eisenbarth

Pre-trained models of source code have gained widespread popularity in many code intelligence tasks. Recently, with the scaling of the model and corpus size, large language models have shown the ability of in-context learning (ICL). ICL…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Shuzheng Gao , Xin-Cheng Wen , Cuiyun Gao , Wenxuan Wang , Hongyu Zhang , Michael R. Lyu

In recent years, large language models have been widely integrated into software engineering workflows, supporting tasks like code generation. While prior evaluations focus on functional correctness, there is still a limited understanding…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xin Sun , Daniel Ståhl , Kristian Sandahl , Christoph Kessler

Large language models have shown impressive performance in various domains, including code generation across diverse open-source domains. However, their applicability in proprietary industrial settings, where domain-specific constraints and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yash Mundhra , Max Valk , Maliheh Izadi

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown strong potential in code generation tasks. However, there are still gaps before they can be fully applied in actual software development processes. Accurately assessing the code generation…

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has driven recent progress in code large language models by leveraging execution-based feedback from unit tests, but its scalability is fundamentally constrained by the availability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xiao Zhu , Xinyu Zhou , Boyu Zhu , Hanxu Hu , Mingzhe Du , Haotian Zhang , Huiming Wang , Zhijiang Guo