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In this paper, we address the problem of conducting statistical inference in settings involving large-scale data that may be high-dimensional and contaminated by outliers. The high volume and dimensionality of the data require distributed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-30 Emadaldin Mozafari-Majd , Visa Koivunen

We propose a novel regression adjustment method designed for estimating distributional treatment effect parameters in randomized experiments. Randomized experiments have been extensively used to estimate treatment effects in various…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-07-24 Undral Byambadalai , Tatsushi Oka , Shota Yasui

Two commonly used methods for improving precision and power in clinical trials are stratified randomization and covariate adjustment. However, many trials do not fully capitalize on the combined precision gains from these two methods, which…

When analyzing data from randomized clinical trials, covariate adjustment can be used to account for chance imbalance in baseline covariates and to increase precision of the treatment effect estimate. A practical barrier to covariate…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-04 Chia-Rui Chang , Yue Song , Fan Li , Rui Wang

The overwhelming majority of empirical research that uses cluster-robust inference assumes that the clustering structure is known, even though there are often several possible ways in which a dataset could be clustered. We propose two tests…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-03-14 James G. MacKinnon , Morten Ørregaard Nielsen , Matthew D. Webb

Conformal prediction has received tremendous attention in recent years and has offered new solutions to problems in missing data and causal inference; yet these advances have not leveraged modern semiparametric efficiency theory for more…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-14 Yachong Yang , Arun Kumar Kuchibhotla , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

In many surveys inexpensive auxiliary variables are available that can help us to make more precise estimation about the main variable. Using auxiliary variable has been extended by regression estimators for rare and cluster populations. In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-03-14 Bardia Panahbehagh , Afshin Parvardeh , Babak Mohammadi

Practitioners are interested in not only the average causal effect of the treatment on the outcome but also the underlying causal mechanism in the presence of an intermediate variable between the treatment and outcome. However, in many…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-02-04 Peng Ding , Jiannan Lu

This study investigates treatment effect estimation in the semi-supervised setting, also can be interpreted as prediction-powered inference. In our setting, we can use not only the standard triple of covariates, treatment indicator, and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-05 Masahiro Kato

Understanding treatment effect heterogeneity has become increasingly important in many fields. In this paper we study distributions and quantiles of individual treatment effects to provide a more comprehensive and robust understanding of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Zhe Chen , Xinran Li

Two-phase sampling is commonly adopted for reducing cost and improving estimation efficiency. In many two-phase studies, the outcome and some cheap covariates are observed for a large sample in Phase I, and expensive covariates are obtained…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-14 Qingning Zhou , Kin Yau Wong

A common assumption in semi-supervised learning is that the labeled, unlabeled, and test data are drawn from the same distribution. However, this assumption is not satisfied in many applications. In many scenarios, the data is collected…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Gholamali Aminian , Mahed Abroshan , Mohammad Mahdi Khalili , Laura Toni , Miguel R. D. Rodrigues

An informative sampling design leads to unit inclusion probabilities that are correlated with the response variable of interest. However, multistage sampling designs may also induce higher order dependencies, which are typically ignored in…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-23 Matthew R. Williams , Terrance D. Savitsky

In matched-pairs experiments in which one cluster per pair of clusters is assigned to treatment, to estimate treatment effects, researchers often regress their outcome on a treatment indicator and pair fixed effects, clustering standard…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-06-29 Clément de Chaisemartin , Jaime Ramirez-Cuellar

Randomized experiments are the gold standard for investigating causal relationships, with comparisons of potential outcomes under different treatment groups used to estimate treatment effects. However, outcomes with heavy-tailed…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-09 Hongzi Li , Wei Ma , Yingying Ma , Hanzhong Liu

Variance reduction for causal inference in the presence of network interference is often achieved through either outcome modeling, typically analyzed under unit-randomized Bernoulli designs, or clustered experimental designs, typically…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-19 Matthew Eichhorn , Samir Khan , Johan Ugander , Christina Lee Yu

In randomized experiments, treatment and control groups should be roughly the same--balanced--in their distributions of pretreatment variables. But how nearly so? Can descriptive comparisons meaningfully be paired with significance tests?…

Methodology · Statistics 2008-08-29 Ben B. Hansen , Jake Bowers

Randomization tests and flexible treatment-effect models offer complementary strengths for analyzing data from randomized panel experiments: the former provide valid inference under the known assignment mechanism, while the latter can…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Fangnan Zheng , Yao Zhang

The analysis of screening experiments is often done in two stages, starting with factor selection via an analysis under a main effects model. The success of this first stage is influenced by three components: (1) main effect estimators'…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-19 Jonathan W. Stallrich , Michael McKibben

This paper develops bootstrap procedures for inference in linear regression models with two-way clustered data. We characterize the estimator's asymptotic behavior in five mutually exclusive and exhaustive regimes: three Gaussian and two…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-04 Ulrich Hounyo , Jiahao Lin