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Tokenization constitutes a fundamental stage in Large Language Model (LLM) processing; however, subword-based tokenization methods optimized on English-dominant corpora may produce token fragmentation misaligned with the linguistic…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Andhika Bernard Lumbantobing , Hokky Situngkir

Multilingual writers and speakers often alternate between two languages in a single discourse, a practice called "code-switching". Existing sentiment detection methods are usually trained on sentiment-labeled monolingual text. Manually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Bidisha Samanta , Niloy Ganguly , Soumen Chakrabarti

Large language models (LLMs) have shown surprisingly good performance in multilingual neural machine translation (MNMT) even when trained without parallel data. Yet, despite the fact that the amount of training data is gigantic, they still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Hongyuan Lu , Haoran Yang , Haoyang Huang , Dongdong Zhang , Wai Lam , Furu Wei

Cutting-edge LLMs have emerged as powerful tools for multilingual communication and understanding. However, LLMs perform worse in Common Sense Reasoning (CSR) tasks when prompted in low-resource languages (LRLs) like Hindi or Swahili…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Tanay Nagar , Grigorii Khvatskii , Anna Sokol , Nitesh V. Chawla

Transformer-based architectures are the model of choice for natural language understanding, but they come at a significant cost, as they have quadratic complexity in the input length, require a lot of training data, and can be difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Florian Mai , Arnaud Pannatier , Fabio Fehr , Haolin Chen , Francois Marelli , Francois Fleuret , James Henderson

Recent code translation techniques exploit neural machine translation models to translate source code from one programming language to another to satisfy production compatibility or to improve efficiency of codebase maintenance. Most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Weixiang Yan , Yuchen Tian , Yunzhe Li , Qian Chen , Wen Wang

Cross-lingual word alignment plays a crucial role in various natural language processing tasks, particularly for low-resource languages. Recent study proposes a BiLSTM-based encoder-decoder model that outperforms pre-trained language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jingshen Zhang , Xinying Qiu , Teng Shen , Wenyu Wang , Kailin Zhang , Wenhe Feng

Mixtral, a representative sparse mixture of experts (SMoE) language model, has received significant attention due to its unique model design and superior performance. Based on Mixtral-8x7B-v0.1, in this paper, we propose Chinese-Mixtral and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Yiming Cui , Xin Yao

High-quality data resources play a crucial role in learning large language models (LLMs), particularly for low-resource languages like Cantonese. Despite having more than 85 million native speakers, Cantonese is still considered a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Jiyue Jiang , Alfred Kar Yin Truong , Yanyu Chen , Qinghang Bao , Sheng Wang , Pengan Chen , Jiuming Wang , Lingpeng Kong , Yu Li , Chuan Wu

Social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook are becoming popular in multilingual societies. This trend induces portmanteau of South Asian languages with English. The blend of multiple languages as code-mixed data has recently become…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Rajat Singh , Nurendra Choudhary , Manish Shrivastava

Multilingual neural machine translation (MNMT) aims to translate multiple languages with a single model and has been proved successful thanks to effective knowledge transfer among different languages with shared parameters. However, it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Qian Wang , Jiajun Zhang

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in Machine Translation (MT) tasks. However, their MT abilities in the context of code-switching (the practice of mixing two or more languages in an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Ayushman Gupta , Akhil Bhogal , Kripabandhu Ghosh

One of the most popular downstream tasks in the field of Natural Language Processing is text classification. Text classification tasks have become more daunting when the texts are code-mixed. Though they are not exposed to such text during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Md Nishat Raihan , Dhiman Goswami , Antara Mahmud

Code-switching and language identification in child-directed scenarios present significant challenges, particularly in bilingual environments. This paper addresses this challenge by using Zipformer to handle the nuances of speech, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Lavanya Shankar , Leibny Paola Garcia Perera

Most work in text classification and Natural Language Processing (NLP) focuses on English or a handful of other languages that have text corpora of hundreds of millions of words. This is creating a new version of the digital divide: the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-28 Meryem M'hamdi , Robert West , Andreea Hossmann , Michael Baeriswyl , Claudiu Musat

Despite being the 5th most spoken language, Bangla remains underrepresented in Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly for code generation. This primarily stems from the scarcity of high-quality data to pre-train and/or finetune such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Nishat Raihan , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Marcos Zampieri

Recent large language models (LLM) exhibit sub-optimal performance on low-resource languages, as the training data of these models is usually dominated by English and other high-resource languages. Furthermore, it is challenging to train…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Zoltan Csaki , Pian Pawakapan , Urmish Thakker , Qiantong Xu

Pre-training data shapes a language model's quality, but raw web text is noisy and demands careful cleaning. Existing large-scale corpora rely on English-centric or language-agnostic pipelines whose heuristics do not capture Thai script or…

We propose a novel non-parametric method for cross-modal recipe retrieval which is applied on top of precomputed image and text embeddings. By combining our method with standard approaches for building image and text encoders, trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Mikhail Fain , Niall Twomey , Andrey Ponikar , Ryan Fox , Danushka Bollegala

This paper is concerned with phonetic reconstruction of the consonant system of Middle Chinese. We propose to cast the problem as a Mixed Integer Programming problem, which is able to automatically explore homophonic information from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xiaoxi Luo , Weiwei Sun