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We study speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) that translates speech from one language into another language and focuses on building systems to support languages without standard text writing systems. We use English-Taiwanese Hokkien as a…

The mixing of two or more languages is called Code-Mixing (CM). CM is a social norm in multilingual societies. Neural Language Models (NLMs) like transformers have been effective on many NLP tasks. However, NLM for CM is an under-explored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Mohsin Ali , Kandukuri Sai Teja , Neeharika Gupta , Parth Patwa , Anubhab Chatterjee , Vinija Jain , Aman Chadha , Amitava Das

Machine translation (MT) systems universally degrade when faced with code-mixed text. This problem is more acute for low-resource languages that lack dedicated parallel corpora. This work directly addresses this gap for Vietnamese-English,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Hieu Tran , Phuong-Anh Nguyen-Le , Huy Nghiem , Quang-Nhan Nguyen , Wei Ai , Marine Carpuat

Natural language processing (NLP) techniques have become mainstream in the recent decade. Most of these advances are attributed to the processing of a single language. More recently, with the extensive growth of social media platforms focus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Ramchandra Joshi , Raviraj Joshi

We propose a method to teach multiple large language models (LLM) to collaborate by interleaving their generations at the token level. We model the decision of which LLM generates the next token as a latent variable. By optimizing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Shannon Zejiang Shen , Hunter Lang , Bailin Wang , Yoon Kim , David Sontag

Despite dramatic recent progress in NLP, it is still a major challenge to apply Large Language Models (LLM) to low-resource languages. This is made visible in benchmarks such as Cross-Lingual Natural Language Inference (XNLI), a key task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Aung Kyaw Htet , Mark Dras

In this paper, we propose a hybrid text normalization system using multi-head self-attention. The system combines the advantages of a rule-based model and a neural model for text preprocessing tasks. Previous studies in Mandarin text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Junhui Zhang , Junjie Pan , Xiang Yin , Chen Li , Shichao Liu , Yang Zhang , Yuxuan Wang , Zejun Ma

Code-mixed discourse combines multiple languages in a single text. It is commonly used in informal discourse in countries with several official languages, but also in many other countries in combination with English or neighboring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Anjali Yadav , Tanya Garg , Matej Klemen , Matej Ulcar , Basant Agarwal , Marko Robnik Sikonja

Segmentation remains an important preprocessing step both in languages where "words" or other important syntactic/semantic units (like morphemes) are not clearly delineated by white space, as well as when dealing with continuous speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 C. M. Downey , Fei Xia , Gina-Anne Levow , Shane Steinert-Threlkeld

We present Dolphin-CN-Dialect, a streaming-capable ASR model with a focus on Chinese and dialect-rich scenarios. Compared to the previous version, Dolphin-CN-Dialect introduces substantial improvements in data processing, tokenization,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yangyang Meng , Huihang Zhong , Guodong Lin , Guanbo Wang , Hu Du , Zhiming Shao , Yukai Huang , Ke Li , Wei-Qiang Zhang

In a multilingual or sociolingual configuration Intra-sentential Code Switching (ICS) or Code Mixing (CM) is frequently observed nowadays. In the world, most of the people know more than one language. CM usage is especially apparent in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Sunil Gundapu , Radhika Mamidi

In multilingual translation research, the comprehension and utilization of language families are of paramount importance. Nevertheless, clustering languages based solely on their ancestral families can yield suboptimal results due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Xinyu Ma , Xuebo Liu , Min Zhang

Chinese dialects are different variations of Chinese and can be considered as different languages in the same language family with Mandarin. Though they all use Chinese characters, the pronunciations, grammar and idioms can vary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Junhui Zhang , Wudi Bao , Junjie Pan , Xiang Yin , Zejun Ma

We present an iterative procedure to build a Chinese language model (LM). We segment Chinese text into words based on a word-based Chinese language model. However, the construction of a Chinese LM itself requires word boundaries. To get out…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Xiaoqiang Luo , Salim Roukos

Code-mixing is a phenomenon of mixing words and phrases from two or more languages in a single utterance of speech and text. Due to the high linguistic diversity, code-mixing presents several challenges in evaluating standard natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Ayush Garg , Sammed S Kagi , Vivek Srivastava , Mayank Singh

Code-Switching refers to the phenomenon of switching languages within a sentence or discourse. However, limited code-switching , different language phoneme-sets and high rebuilding costs throw a challenge to make the specialized acoustic…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Wei Wang , Chao Zhang , Xiaopei Wu

Speech production and perception are the main ways humans communicate daily. Prior brain-to-text decoding studies have largely focused on a single modality and alphabetic languages. Here, we present a unified brain-to-sentence decoding…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-16 Zhizhang Yuan , Yang Yang , Gaorui Zhang , Baowen Cheng , Zehan Wu , Yuhao Xu , Xiaoying Liu , Liang Chen , Ying Mao , Meng Li

In this work, we focus on intrasentential code-mixing and propose several different Synthetic Code-Mixing (SCM) data augmentation methods that outperform the baseline on downstream sentiment analysis tasks across various amounts of labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Shuyue Stella Li , Kenton Murray

Multilingual LLMs demonstrate strong performance across diverse languages, yet there has been limited systematic analysis of how language information is structured within their internal representation space and how it emerges across layers.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 JaeSeong Kim , Suan Lee

Code-mixing is a well-studied linguistic phenomenon that occurs when two or more languages are mixed in text or speech. Several studies have been conducted on building datasets and performing downstream NLP tasks on code-mixed data.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Nishat Raihan , Dhiman Goswami , Antara Mahmud , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Marcos Zampieri