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Split learning (SL) is a promising approach for training artificial intelligence (AI) models, in which devices collaborate with a server to train an AI model in a distributed manner, based on a same fixed split point. However, due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zuguang Li , Wen Wu , Shaohua Wu , Wei Wang

In this work, we propose an outsourced Secure Multilayer Perceptron (SMLP) scheme where privacy and confidentiality of both the data and the model are ensured during the training and the classification phases. More clearly, this SMLP : i)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Reda Bellafqira , Gouenou Coatrieux , Emmanuelle Genin , Michel Cozic

Training large language models (LLMs) at the network edge faces fundamental challenges arising from device resource constraints, severe data heterogeneity, and heightened privacy risks. To address these challenges, we propose ELSA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xiaohong Yang , Tong Xie , Minghui Liwang , Chikai Shang , Yang Lu , Zhenzhen Jiao , Liqun Fu , Seyyedali Hosseinalipour

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across institutions without sharing raw data. However, gradient sharing still risks privacy leakage, such as gradient inversion attacks. Homomorphic Encryption (HE) can secure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jiaqi Xue , Mayank Kumar , Yuzhang Shang , Shangqian Gao , Rui Ning , Mengxin Zheng , Xiaoqian Jiang , Qian Lou

We present two new statistical machine learning methods designed to learn on fully homomorphic encrypted (FHE) data. The introduction of FHE schemes following Gentry (2009) opens up the prospect of privacy preserving statistical machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-08-28 Louis J. M. Aslett , Pedro M. Esperança , Chris C. Holmes

Federated Learning (FL) allows users to share knowledge instead of raw data to train a model with high accuracy. Unfortunately, during the training, users lose control over the knowledge shared, which causes serious data privacy issues. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 ShiMao Xu , Xiaopeng Ke , Xing Su , Shucheng Li , Hao Wu , Sheng Zhong , Fengyuan Xu

Two-party split learning has emerged as a popular paradigm for vertical federated learning. To preserve the privacy of the label owner, split learning utilizes a split model, which only requires the exchange of intermediate representations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yukun Jiang , Peiran Wang , Chengguo Lin , Ziyue Huang , Yong Cheng

Can we find a network architecture for ML model training so as to optimize training loss (and thus, accuracy) in Split Federated Learning (SFL)? And can this architecture also reduce training delay and communication overhead? While accuracy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yiannis Papageorgiou , Yannis Thomas , Ramin Khalili , Iordanis Koutsopoulos

This paper proposes a novel privacy-preserving semantic segmentation method that can use independent keys for each client and image. In the proposed method, the model creator and each client encrypt images using locally generated keys, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mare Hirose , Shoko Imaizumi , Hitoshi Kiya

Data privacy concerns has made centralized training of data, which is scattered across silos, infeasible, leading to the need for collaborative learning frameworks. To address that, two prominent frameworks emerged, i.e., federated learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Tianchen Zhou , Zhanyi Hu , Bingzhe Wu , Cen Chen

The ever-growing concerns regarding data privacy have led to a paradigm shift in machine learning (ML) architectures from centralized to distributed approaches, giving rise to federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) as the two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Zhipeng Cheng , Xuwei Fan , Minghui Liwang , Ning Chen , Xiaoyu Xia , Xianbin Wang

Federated learning (FL) as distributed machine learning has gained popularity as privacy-aware Machine Learning (ML) systems have emerged as a technique that prevents privacy leakage by building a global model and by conducting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Taki Hasan Rafi , Faiza Anan Noor , Tahmid Hussain , Dong-Kyu Chae

In recent years, there have been great advances in the field of decentralized learning with private data. Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two spearheads possessing their pros and cons, and are suited for many user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Shraman Pal , Mansi Uniyal , Jihong Park , Praneeth Vepakomma , Ramesh Raskar , Mehdi Bennis , Moongu Jeon , Jinho Choi

We propose a privacy-preserving framework for learning visual classifiers by leveraging distributed private image data. This framework is designed to aggregate multiple classifiers updated locally using private data and to ensure that no…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-31 Ryo Yonetani , Vishnu Naresh Boddeti , Kris M. Kitani , Yoichi Sato

In this paper, we present a practical solution to implement privacy-preserving CNN training based on mere Homomorphic Encryption (HE) technique. To our best knowledge, this is the first attempt successfully to crack this nut and no work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-16 John Chiang

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) leverages both labeled and unlabeled data to train machine learning (ML) models. State-of-the-art SSL methods can achieve comparable performance to supervised learning by leveraging much fewer labeled data.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Xinlei He , Hongbin Liu , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Yang Zhang

With the increased interest in artificial intelligence, Machine Learning as a Service provides the infrastructure in the Cloud for easy training, testing, and deploying models. However, these systems have a major privacy issue: uploading…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Alexandru Ioniţă , Andreea Ioniţă

Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables privacy-preserving aggregation in federated learning (FL) by allowing the server to operate on encrypted data without decryption. Existing HE-over-the-air methods mainly rely on single-key HE schemes and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Anthony Ayli , Khalil Harris , Jihad Fahs , Mohamad Assaad

Federated Learning (FL) is an interesting strategy that enables the collaborative training of an AI model among different data owners without revealing their private datasets. Even so, FL has some privacy vulnerabilities that have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Xavier Martínez Luaña , Rebeca P. Díaz Redondo , Manuel Fernández Veiga

The rapid advancements in foundation models and sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication systems necessitate the development of efficient, scalable, and privacy-preserving machine learning approaches. For foundation models in 6G, split…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Qianzhou Chen , Siqi Sun , Minrui Xu , Sijie Ji , Jiawen Kang , Yijie Mao , Zhouxiang Zhao , Zhaohui Yang , Dusit Niyato