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We study high-confidence behavior-agnostic off-policy evaluation in reinforcement learning, where the goal is to estimate a confidence interval on a target policy's value, given only access to a static experience dataset collected by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Bo Dai , Ofir Nachum , Yinlam Chow , Lihong Li , Csaba Szepesvári , Dale Schuurmans

We provide a comparative study of several widely used off-policy estimators (Empirical Average, Basic Importance Sampling and Normalized Importance Sampling), detailing the different regimes where they are individually suboptimal. We then…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-30 Thomas Nedelec , Nicolas Le Roux , Vianney Perchet

The predictions from an accurate prognostic model can be of great interest to patients and clinicians. When predictions are reported to individuals, they may decide to take action to improve their health or they may simply be comforted by…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2019-09-10 Michael C Sachs , Arvid Sjölander , Erin E Gabriel

Off-Policy Estimation (OPE) methods allow us to learn and evaluate decision-making policies from logged data. This makes them an attractive choice for the offline evaluation of recommender systems, and several recent works have reported…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Olivier Jeunen , Ben London

We investigate methods for penalized regression in the presence of missing observations. This paper introduces a method for estimating the parameters which compensates for the missing observations. We first, derive an unbiased estimator of…

Applications · Statistics 2013-10-09 Yunjin Choi , Robert Tibshirani

Offline reinforcement learning seeks to utilize offline (observational) data to guide the learning of (causal) sequential decision making strategies. The hope is that offline reinforcement learning coupled with function approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Ruosong Wang , Dean P. Foster , Sham M. Kakade

In regression with random design, we study the problem of selecting a model that performs well for out-of-sample prediction. We do not assume that any of the candidate models under consideration are correct. Our analysis is based on…

Methodology · Statistics 2008-10-24 Hannes Leeb

Traditional insurance pricing relies on risk-based principles that ensure actuarial fairness and solvency but do not explicitly account for policyholders' price sensitivity. We formulate insurance pricing as a decision-making problem and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-29 Sascha Günther , Dimitri Semenovich , Mario V. Wüthrich

We study the problem of estimating the distribution of the return of a policy using an offline dataset that is not generated from the policy, i.e., distributional offline policy evaluation (OPE). We propose an algorithm called Fitted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Runzhe Wu , Masatoshi Uehara , Wen Sun

Missing data is pervasive in econometric applications, and rarely is it plausible that the data are missing (completely) at random. This paper proposes a methodology for studying the robustness of results drawn from incomplete datasets.…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-29 Daniel Ober-Reynolds

In many settings, a decision-maker wishes to learn a rule, or policy, that maps from observable characteristics of an individual to an action. Examples include selecting offers, prices, advertisements, or emails to send to consumers, as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-20 Zhengyuan Zhou , Susan Athey , Stefan Wager

We investigate off-policy evaluation (OPE), a central and fundamental problem in reinforcement learning (RL), in the challenging setting of Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) with large observation spaces. Recent works…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuheng Zhang , Nan Jiang

Study samples often differ from the target populations of inference and policy decisions in non-random ways. Researchers typically believe that such departures from random sampling -- due to changes in the population over time and space, or…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-20 Tamara Broderick , Ryan Giordano , Rachael Meager

The problem of estimating a linear functional based on observational data is canonical in both the causal inference and bandit literatures. We analyze a broad class of two-stage procedures that first estimate the treatment effect function,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-09-28 Wenlong Mou , Martin J. Wainwright , Peter L. Bartlett

We examine a stochastic formulation for data-driven optimization wherein the decision-maker is not privy to the true distribution, but has knowledge that it lies in some hypothesis set and possesses a historical data set, from which…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-21 Gar Goei Loke , Taozeng Zhu , Ruiting Zuo

Designing effective model-based reinforcement learning algorithms is difficult because the ease of data generation must be weighed against the bias of model-generated data. In this paper, we study the role of model usage in policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Michael Janner , Justin Fu , Marvin Zhang , Sergey Levine

We propose a new optimization framework for aleatoric uncertainty estimation in regression problems. Existing methods can quantify the error in the target estimation, but they tend to underestimate it. To obtain the predictive uncertainty…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Takumi Kawashima , Qing Yu , Akari Asai , Daiki Ikami , Kiyoharu Aizawa

This note investigates the problem of detecting outliers in longitudinal data. It compares well-known methods used in official statistics with proposals from the fields of data mining and machine learning that are based on the distance…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-30 Marcello D'Orazio

Off-policy learning is a framework for evaluating and optimizing policies without deploying them, from data collected by another policy. Real-world environments are typically non-stationary and the offline learned policies should adapt to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Joey Hong , Branislav Kveton , Manzil Zaheer , Yinlam Chow , Amr Ahmed

This paper investigates off-policy evaluation in contextual bandits, aiming to quantify the performance of a target policy using data collected under a different and potentially unknown behavior policy. Recently, methods based on conformal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-23 Yilong Wan , Yuqiang Li , Xianyi Wu