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We introduce a prototype FPGA decoder implementing the recently discovered Relay-BP algorithm and targeting memory experiments on the $[[144,12,12]]$ bivariate bicycle quantum low-density parity check code. The decoder is both fast and…

Quantum error correction is expected to be essential in large-scale quantum technologies. However, the substantial overhead of qubits it requires is thought to greatly limit its utility in smaller, near-term devices. Here we introduce a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-20 David Layden , Mo Chen , Paola Cappellaro

Due to the high sensitivity of qubits to environmental noise, which leads to decoherence and information loss, active quantum error correction(QEC) is essential. Surface codes represent one of the most promising fault-tolerant QEC schemes,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Hao Wang , Erjia Xiao , Wenbo Mu , Songhuan He , Zhongyi Ni , Lingfeng Zhang , Xiaokun Zhan , Yifei Cui , Jinguo Liu , Cheng Wang , Zhongrui Wang , Renjing Xu

Fault tolerance is a prerequisite for scalable quantum computing. Architectures based on 2D topological codes are effective for near-term implementations of fault tolerance. To obtain high performance with these architectures, we require a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-23 Ben Criger , Imran Ashraf

Quantum error correction is one of the most important milestones for realization of large-scale quantum computation. To achieve this, it is essential not only to integrate a large number of qubits with high fidelity, but also to build a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-07 Jun Fujisaki , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii

Implementing algorithms on a fault-tolerant quantum computer will require fast decoding throughput and latency times to prevent an exponential increase in buffer times between the applications of gates. In this work we begin by quantifying…

Extensive quantum error correction is necessary in order to scale quantum hardware to the regime of practical applications. As a result, a significant amount of decoding hardware is necessary to process the colossal amount of data required…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-31 Nicolas Delfosse

Large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computations will be enabled by quantum error-correcting codes (QECC). This work presents the first systematic technique to test the accuracy and effectiveness of different QECC decoding schemes by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-22 Arshpreet Singh Maan , Alexandru Paler

The typical model for measurement noise in quantum error correction is to randomly flip the binary measurement outcome. In experiments, measurements yield much richer information - e.g., continuous current values, discrete photon counts -…

The surface code is one of the leading quantum error correction codes for realizing large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). One major challenge in realizing surface-code-based FTQC is the extremely large number of qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Kohei Fujiu , Shota Nagayama , Shin Nishio , Hideaki Kawaguchi , Takahiko Satoh

Fast, scalable decoding architectures that operate in a block-wise parallel fashion across space and time are essential for real-time fault-tolerant quantum computing. We introduce a scalable AI-based pre-decoder for the surface code that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Christopher Chamberland , Jan Olle , Muyuan Li , Scott Thornton , Igor Baratta

Fault-tolerant quantum computing demands decoders that are fast, accurate, and adaptable to circuit structure and realistic noise. While machine learning (ML) decoders have demonstrated impressive performance for quantum memory, their use…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-16 J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Andi Gu , Susanne F. Yelin , Mikhail D. Lukin

Existing real-time decoders for surface codes are limited to isolated logical qubits and do not support logical operations involving multiple logical qubits. We present DECONET, a first-of-its-kind decoding system that scales to thousands…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-17 Namitha Liyanage , Yue Wu , Emmet Houghton , Lin Zhong

Topological quantum error-correcting codes are a promising candidate for building fault-tolerant quantum computers. Decoding topological codes optimally, however, is known to be a computationally hard problem. Various decoders have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-01 Milap Sheth , Sara Zafar Jafarzadeh , Vlad Gheorghiu

The realization of quantum error correction is an essential ingredient for reaching the full potential of fault-tolerant universal quantum computation. Using a range of different schemes, logical qubits can be redundantly encoded in a set…

Scaling quantum computing to practical applications necessitates reliable quantum error correction. Although numerous correction codes have been proposed, the overall correction efficiency critically limited by the decode algorithms. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Gengyuan Hu , Wanli Ouyang , Chao-Yang Lu , Chen Lin , Han-Sen Zhong

There has been a rise in decoding quantum error correction codes with neural network based decoders, due to the good decoding performance achieved and adaptability to any noise model. However, the main challenge is scalability to larger…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-07 Savvas Varsamopoulos , Koen Bertels , Carmen G. Almudever

Channel coding is vital for reliable sixth-generation (6G) data transmission, employing diverse error correction codes for various application scenarios. Traditional decoders require dedicated hardware for each code, leading to high…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yongli Yan , Jieao Zhu , Tianyue Zheng , Zhuo Xu , Chao Jiang , Linglong Dai

Quantum bits have technological imperfections. Additionally, the capacity of a component that can be implemented feasibly is limited. Therefore, distributed quantum computation is required to scale up quantum computers. This dissertation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-11 Shota Nagayama

Lookup table decoding is fast and distance-preserving, making it attractive for near-term quantum computer architectures with small-distance quantum error-correcting codes. In this work, we develop several optimization tools that can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-17 Balint Pato , Theerapat Tansuwannont , Shilin Huang , Kenneth R. Brown