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Interpreting machine learning model decisions is crucial for high-risk applications like healthcare. In digital pathology, large whole slide images (WSIs) are decomposed into smaller tiles and tile-derived features are processed by…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-03 Tomé Albuquerque , Anil Yüce , Markus D. Herrmann , Alvaro Gomariz

Due to the lack of fine-grained annotation guidance, current Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) struggles to establish a robust causal relationship between Whole Slide Image (WSI) diagnosis and evidence sub-images, just like fully supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Tianhang Nan , Yong Ding , Hao Quan , Deliang Li , Lisha Li , Guanghong Zhao , Xiaoyu Cui

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied in pathology towards solving critical problems such as automating cancer diagnosis and grading, predicting patient prognosis, and therapy response. Deploying these models in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Syed Ashar Javed , Dinkar Juyal , Harshith Padigela , Amaro Taylor-Weiner , Limin Yu , Aaditya Prakash

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied in histopathology to classify Whole Slide Images (WSIs) with slide-level diagnoses. While the ground truth is established by expert pathologists, the slides can be difficult to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Marie Arrivat , Rémy Peyret , Elsa Angelini , Pietro Gori

For many patients, current ovarian cancer treatments offer limited clinical benefit. For some therapies, it is not possible to predict patients' responses, potentially exposing them to the adverse effects of treatment without any…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-20 Jack Breen , Katie Allen , Kieran Zucker , Geoff Hall , Nishant Ravikumar , Nicolas M. Orsi

The Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) paradigm is attracting plenty of attention in medical imaging classification, where labeled data is scarce. MIL methods cast medical images as bags of instances (e.g. patches in whole slide images, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Yunan Wu , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

Multiple-instance Learning (MIL) is commonly used to undertake computational pathology (CPath) tasks, and the use of multi-scale patches allows diverse features across scales to be learned. Previous studies using multi-scale features in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shuyang Wu , Yifu Qiu , Ines P. Nearchou , Sandrine Prost , Jonathan A Fallowfield , Hakan Bilen , Timothy J Kendall

While Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has shown promising results in digital Pathology Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification, such a paradigm still faces performance and generalization problems due to challenges in high computational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Honglin Li , Chenglu Zhu , Yunlong Zhang , Yuxuan Sun , Zhongyi Shui , Wenwei Kuang , Sunyi Zheng , Lin Yang

Whole slide imaging (WSI) has transformed digital pathology by enabling computational analysis of gigapixel histopathology images. Recent foundation model advances have accelerated progress in computational pathology, facilitating joint…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Peihang Wu , Zehong Chen , Lijian Xu

In recent years, the availability of digitized Whole Slide Images (WSIs) has enabled the use of deep learning-based computer vision techniques for automated disease diagnosis. However, WSIs present unique computational and algorithmic…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-15 Yash Sharma , Aman Shrivastava , Lubaina Ehsan , Christopher A. Moskaluk , Sana Syed , Donald E. Brown

With the development of computational pathology, deep learning methods for Gleason grading through whole slide images (WSIs) have excellent prospects. Since the size of WSIs is extremely large, the image label usually contains only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Hao Bian , Zhuchen Shao , Yang Chen , Yifeng Wang , Haoqian Wang , Jian Zhang , Yongbing Zhang

In computation pathology, the pyramid structure of gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) has recently been studied for capturing various information from individual cell interactions to tissue microenvironments. This hierarchical structure is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Ziyu Guo , Weiqin Zhao , Shujun Wang , Lequan Yu

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) involves predicting a single label for a bag of instances, given positive or negative labels at bag-level, without accessing to label for each instance in the training phase. Since a positive bag contains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Beomjo Shin , Junsu Cho , Hwanjo Yu , Seungjin Choi

Whole slide image (WSI) classification is an essential task in computational pathology. Despite the recent advances in multiple instance learning (MIL) for WSI classification, accurate classification of WSIs remains challenging due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Saisai Ding , Jun Wang , Juncheng Li , Jun Shi

Computer-aided pathology diagnosis based on the classification of Whole Slide Image (WSI) plays an important role in clinical practice, and it is often formulated as a weakly-supervised Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem. Existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Linhao Qu , Xiaoyuan Luo , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

Current cervical cytopathology whole slide image (WSI) screening primarily relies on detection-based approaches, which are limited in performance due to the expense and time-consuming annotation process. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Jialong Huang , Gaojie Li , Shichao Kan , Jianfeng Liu , Yixiong Liang

Whole slide images (WSIs) classification represents a fundamental challenge in computational pathology, where multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as the dominant paradigm. Current state-of-the-art (SOTA) MIL methods rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chengying She , Chengwei Chen , Dongjie Fan , Lizhuang Liu , Chengwei Shao , Yun Bian , Ben Wang , Xinran Zhang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the preferred approach for whole slide image classification. However, most MIL approaches do not exploit the interdependencies of tiles extracted from a whole slide image, which could provide valuable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Marvin Lerousseau , Maria Vakalopoulou , Eric Deutsch , Nikos Paragios

Recent advances in whole-slide image (WSI) scanners and computational capabilities have significantly propelled the application of artificial intelligence in histopathology slide analysis. While these strides are promising, current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Weiyi Wu , Chongyang Gao , Joseph DiPalma , Soroush Vosoughi , Saeed Hassanpour

This paper introduces the novel concept of few-shot weakly supervised learning for pathology Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification, denoted as FSWC. A solution is proposed based on prompt learning and the utilization of a large language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Linhao Qu , Xiaoyuan Luo , Kexue Fu , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song