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Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are Galactic-scale nanohertz-frequency gravitational wave (GW) detectors. Recently, several PTAs have found evidence for the presence of GWs in their datasets, but none of them have achieved a community-defined…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-06 Pratyasha Gitika , Ryan M. Shannon , Matthew Bailes , Daniel J. Reardon , Matthew T. Miles , David J. Champion , Kathrin Grunthal

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will open complementary observational windows on massive black-hole binaries (MBHBs), i.e., with masses in the range $\sim 10^6 - 10^{10}\,$ M$_{\odot}$. While…

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) can be used to search for very low frequency ($10^{-9}$--$10^{-7}$ Hz) gravitational waves (GWs). In this paper we present a general method for the detection and localization of single-source GWs using PTAs. We…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-03-27 Xing-Jiang Zhu , Linqing Wen , George Hobbs , Yilin Zhang , Yan Wang , Dustin R. Madison , Richard N. Manchester , Matthew Kerr , Pablo A. Rosado , Jingbo Wang

Pulsar timing array (PTA) provides an excellent opportunity to detect the gravitational waves (GWs) in nanoHertz frequency band. In particular, due to the larger number of "arms" in PTA, it can be used to test gravity by probing the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-03-29 Rui Niu , Wen Zhao

Pulsar-timing arrays (PTAs) are in the near future expected to detect a stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) produced by a population of inspiralling super-massive black hole binaries. In this work, we consider a background that…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-20 Gabriela Sato-Polito , Marc Kamionkowski

The continuous nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from individual supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) can be encoded in the timing residuals of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). For each pulsar, the residuals actually contain an Earth term…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-04-28 Jie-Wen Chen , Yan Wang

NANOGrav and other Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) have discovered a common-spectrum process in the nHz range that may be due to gravitational waves (GWs): if so, they are likely to have been generated by black hole (BH) binaries with total…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-02 John Ellis , Malcolm Fairbairn , Gert Hütsi , Martti Raidal , Juan Urrutia , Ville Vaskonen , Hardi Veermäe

The detection of a stochastic gravitational-wave signal from the superposition of many inspiraling supermassive black holes with pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) is likely to occur within the next decade. With this detection will come the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-24 Laura Sampson , Neil J. Cornish , Sean T. McWilliams

The detection of compact binary mergers with sub-solar masses at gravitational-wave observatories could mark the groundbreaking discovery of primordial black holes (PBHs). Concurrently, evidence for a nHz stochastic gravitational wave…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-28 Yann Gouttenoire , Sokratis Trifinopoulos , Miguel Vanvlasselaer

The gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive binary black holes (BBHs) are long sought by pulsar timing array experiments (PTAs), in the forms of both a stochastic GW background (GWB) and individual sources. The evidence for a GWB was…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-09-27 Yunfeng Chen , Qingjuan Yu , Youjun Lu

Massive black-hole binaries, formed when galaxies merge, are among the primary sources of gravitational waves targeted by ongoing Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments and the upcoming space-based LISA interferometer. However, their…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2017-07-26 Irina Dvorkin , Enrico Barausse

Pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments are expected to detect nano-Hertz gravitational waves (GWs) emitted from individual inspiralling supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs). The GW signals from a small fraction of these SMBBHs may be…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-19 Hao Ma , Youjun Lu , Zhiwei Chen , Yunfeng Chen

While pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations have reported evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB), the detection of continuous gravitational waves (GWs) from a confirmed supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) would…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-13 Li-Wen Tian , Yan-Chen Bi , Yu-Mei Wu , Qing-Guo Huang

We present a detailed analysis of the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA) Second Mock Data Challenge. We tested our analysis methods using the open datasets, and then analyzed the closed datasets. In both the open and the closed…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-01 P. T. Baker , P. R. Brook , W. C. Fiore , N. Garver-Daniels , A. R. Kaiser , M. T. Lam , B. J. Shapiro-Albert , C. A. Witt

We consider the inverse problem in pulsar timing array (PTA) analysis, investigating what astrophysical information about the underlying massive black hole binary (MBHB) population can be recovered from the detection of a stochastic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-07-12 Siyuan Chen , Hannah Middleton , Alberto Sesana , Walter Del Pozzo , Alberto Vecchio

Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) observations will detect gravitational waves (GWs) from the early inspiral phase of supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) with orbital periods of weeks to years. Current PTA analyses generally assume circular…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-26 Sara Manzini , Stanislav Babak

We perform Bayesian targeted searches for continuous gravitational waves from eccentric supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) using the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array third data release (PPTA DR3). Six electromagnetically motivated sky…

One of the imminent science goals of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) is the detection of a continuous gravitational wave (CGW) emitted by an individual supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB). SMBHBs that cause CGWs with GW frequencies…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-18 Kathrin Grunthal , Nataliya Porayko , David J. Champion , Michael Kramer

The radio galaxy 3C 66B has been hypothesized to host a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) at its center based on electromagnetic observations. Its apparent 1.05-year period and low redshift ($\sim0.02$) make it an interesting testbed…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-10-29 Gabriella Agazie , Zaven Arzoumanian , Paul T. Baker , Bence Bécsy , Laura Blecha , Harsha Blumer , Adam Brazier , Paul R. Brook , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , J. Andrew Casey-Clyde , Maria Charisi , Shami Chatterjee , Belinda D. Cheeseboro , Tyler Cohen , James M. Cordes , Neil J. Cornish , Fronefield Crawford , H. Thankful Cromartie , Megan E. DeCesar , Paul B. Demorest , Lankeswar Dey , Timothy Dolch , Justin A. Ellis , Robert D. Ferdman , Elizabeth C. Ferrara , William Fiore , Emmanuel Fonseca , Gabriel E. Freedman , Nate Garver-Daniels , Peter A. Gentile , Joseph Glaser , Deborah C. Good , Achamveedu Gopakumar , Kayhan Gültekin , Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Ross J. Jennings , Aaron D. Johnson , Megan L. Jones , Andrew R. Kaiser , David L. Kaplan , Luke Zoltan Kelley , Joey S. Key , Nima Laal , Michael T. Lam , William G. Lamb , T. Joseph W. Lazio , Natalia Lewandowska , Tingting Liu , Duncan R. Lorimer , Jing Luo , Ryan S. Lynch , Chung-Pei Ma , Dustin R. Madison , Alexander McEwen , James W. McKee , Maura A. McLaughlin , Patrick M. Meyers , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Andrea Mitridate , Cherry Ng , David J. Nice , Stella Koch Ocker , Ken D. Olum , Timothy T. Pennucci , Nihan S. Pol , Henri A. Radovan , Scott M. Ransom , Paul S. Ray , Joseph D. Romano , Shashwat C. Sardesai , Kai Schmitz , Xavier Siemens , Joseph Simon , Magdalena S. Siwek , Sophia V. Sosa Fiscella , Renée Spiewak , Ingrid H. Stairs , Daniel R. Stinebring , Kevin Stovall , Abhimanyu Susobhanan , Joseph K. Swiggum , Stephen R. Taylor , Jacob E. Turner , Caner Unal , Michele Vallisneri , Sarah J. Vigeland , Caitlin A. Witt , Olivia Young

Radio pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments using millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are beginning to detect nHz gravitational waves (GWs). MSPs are bright GeV gamma-ray emitters, and all-sky monitoring of about 100 MSPs with the Fermi Large Area…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-18 Matthew Kerr , Zorawar Wadiasingh , Adrien Laviron , Constantinos Kalapotharakos , Thankful Cromartie , Tyler Cohen
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