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These pedagogical notes are dedicated to a derivation of the Unruh effect. There is special emphasis on the transparency of the arguments and the exhibition of detailed calculations. We assume the reader has a basic knowledge of quantum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-10-16 Ernesto Frodden , Nicolás Valdés

In this paper we analyze the classical electromagnetic radiation of an accelerating point charge moving on a straight line trajectory. Depending on the duration of accelerations, rapidity distributions of photons emerge, resembling the ones…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-05-19 Tamas S. Biro , Zsuzsanna Szendi , Zsolt Schram

Classical radiation from a single relativistically accelerating electron is investigated where the temperature characterizing the system highlights the dependence on acceleration. In the context of the dynamic Casimir effect with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-20 Evgenii Ievlev , Michael R. R. Good

We propose to simulate a Dirac field near an event horizon using ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. Such a quantum simulator allows for the observation of the celebrated Unruh effect. Our proposal involves three stages: (1) preparation…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2017-02-01 Javier Rodriguez-Laguna , Leticia Tarruell , Maciej Lewenstein , Alessio Celi

In this manuscript we confirm the presence of a Rindler horizon at CERN-NA63 by exploring its thermodynamics induced by the Unruh effect in their high energy channeling radiation experiments. By linking the entropy of the emitted radiation…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-07-30 Morgan H. Lynch

The Unruh effect is a surprising prediction of quantum field theory that asserts accelerating observers perceive a thermal spectrum of particles with a temperature proportional to their acceleration. However, it has recently been shown that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-09-02 Laura J. Henderson , Robie A. Hennigar , Robert B. Mann , Alexander R. H. Smith , Jialin Zhang

We demonstrate that electrons can be efficiently accelerated to high energy in spatially non-uniform, intense laser fields. Laser non-uniformities occur when a perfect plane wave reflects off a randomly perturbed surface. By solving for…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2020-10-05 Mark Sherlock

We discuss the emission of pairs of photons by charges with generic worldlines in the Minkowski vacuum from the viewpoint of inertial observers and interpret them from the perspective of Rindler observers. We show that the emission of pairs…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-27 Juan V. O. Pêgas , Robert Bingham , Gianluca Gregori , George E. A. Matsas

When analyzing the perception of Hawking radiation by different observers, the Hawking effect becomes mixed with the Unruh effect. The separation of both effects is not always clear in the literature. Here we propose an inconsistency-free…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-11-29 Luis C. Barbado , Carlos Barceló , Luis J. Garay , Gil Jannes

We address the old question of whether or not a uniformly accelerated charged particle radiates, and consequently, if weak equivalence principle is violated by electrodynamics. We show that radiation has different meanings; some absolute,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Shariati , M. Khorrami

We discuss different physical effects related to the uniform acceleration of atoms in vacuum, in the framework of quantum electrodynamics. We first investigate the van der Waals/Casimir-Polder dispersion and resonance interactions between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-24 M. Lattuca , J. Marino , A. Noto , R. Passante , L. Rizzuto , S. Spagnolo , W. Zhou

The possibility of the precise measurement of the electron beam energy using absorption of radiation by electrons in a static and homogeneous magnetic field in a range up to a few hundred GeV energies, was considered in [1]. With the…

Accelerator Physics · Physics 2017-08-02 R. A. Melikian

The Unruh effect can be correctly treated only by using the Minkowski quantization and a model of a "particle" detector, not by using the Rindler quantization. The energy produced by a detector accelerated only for a short time can be much…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 H. Nikolic

We calculate the trajectories which maximize the Unruh effect, mode by mode, when given a fixed energy budget for acceleration. We find that Unruh processes are most likely to occur, and therefore potentially best observable, for certain…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-11-20 Aida Ahmadzadegan , Achim Kempf

The purpose of this review is to provide a pedagogical development of the Unruh effect and the thermofield double state. In Section 2, we construct Rindler spacetime and analyze the perspective of an observer undergoing constant…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-10-15 Gustavo Valdivia-Mera

We revisit the Unruh effect within a general framework based on direct, probability-level calculations. We rederive the transition rate of a uniformly accelerating Unruh-DeWitt monopole detector coupled to a massive scalar field, from both…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-01-13 Robert Dickinson , Jeff Forshaw , Ross Jenkinson , Peter Millington

A free electron can temporarily gain a very significant amount of energy if it is overrun by an intense electromagnetic wave. In principle, this process would permit large enhancements in the center-of-mass energy of electron-electron,…

Accelerator Physics · Physics 2011-05-12 Kirk T. McDonald , Konstantine Shmakov

In idealized treatments of the Unruh effect, a two-level atom is accelerated in a prescribed classical trajectory through the vacuum of a quantum field -- the Unruh bath -- which causes the atom's internal state to thermalize to a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-25 D. Jaffino Stargen , Vivishek Sudhir

Recent experiments claimed that the enhancement of catalytic reaction rates occurs via the reduction of activation barriers driven by non-equilibrium (``hot'') electrons in plasmonic metal nanoparticles. These experiments place plasmonic…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2020-04-22 Yonatan Sivan , Ieng Wai Un , Yonatan Dubi

The Unruh effect predicts an astonishing phenomenon that an accelerated detector would detect counts despite being in a quantum field vacuum in the rest frame. Since the required detector acceleration for its direct observation is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Xu Cheng , Yue Li , Zehua Tian , Xingyu Zhao , Xi Qin , Yiheng Lin