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Causal representation learning (CRL) enhances machine learning models' robustness and generalizability by learning structural causal models associated with data-generating processes. We focus on a family of CRL methods that uses contrastive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-17 Xiusi Li , Sékou-Oumar Kaba , Siamak Ravanbakhsh

The abilities of humans to understand the world in terms of cause and effect relationships, as well as to compress information into abstract concepts, are two hallmark features of human intelligence. These two topics have been studied in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Kevin Xia , Elias Bareinboim

Two desiderata of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are the ability to learn from relatively little experience and the ability to learn policies that generalize to a range of problem specifications. In factored state spaces, one…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zizhao Wang , Caroline Wang , Xuesu Xiao , Yuke Zhu , Peter Stone

A core challenge in causal artificial intelligence is the principled coordination of multiple, imperfect, and subjective causal perspectives arising from distributed agents with limited and heterogeneous access to the environment. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Gabriele D'Acunto , Paolo Di Lorenzo , Sergio Barbarossa

Abstraction is a powerful idea widely used in science, to model, reason and explain the behavior of systems in a more tractable search space, by omitting irrelevant details. While notions of abstraction have matured for deterministic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Vaishak Belle

Causal learning has long concerned itself with the accurate recovery of underlying causal mechanisms. Such causal modelling enables better explanations of out-of-distribution data. Prior works on causal learning assume that the high-level…

Causal abstraction (CA) theory establishes formal criteria for relating multiple structural causal models (SCMs) at different levels of granularity by defining maps between them. These maps have significant relevance for real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Yorgos Felekis , Fabio Massimo Zennaro , Nicola Branchini , Theodoros Damoulas

Structural Causal Models (SCMs) offer a principled framework to reason about interventions and support out-of-distribution generalization, which are key goals in scientific discovery. However, the task of learning SCMs from observed data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Divyat Mahajan , Jannes Gladrow , Agrin Hilmkil , Cheng Zhang , Meyer Scetbon

The concept of causal abstraction got recently popularised to demystify the opaque decision-making processes of machine learning models; in short, a neural network can be abstracted as a higher-level algorithm if there exists a function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Denis Sutter , Julian Minder , Thomas Hofmann , Tiago Pimentel

Like with most large-scale systems, the evaluation of quantitative properties of collective adaptive systems is an important issue that crosscuts all its development stages, from design (in the case of engineered systems) to runtime…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-07-12 Mirco Tribastone

This short paper discusses continually updated causal abstractions as a potential direction of future research. The key idea is to revise the existing level of causal abstraction to a different level of detail that is both consistent with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Matej Zečević , Moritz Willig , Jonas Seng , Florian Peter Busch

Reasoning requires going beyond pattern matching or memorization of solutions to identify and implement "algorithmic procedures" that can be used to deduce answers to hard problems. Doing so requires realizing the most relevant primitives,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yuxiao Qu , Anikait Singh , Yoonho Lee , Amrith Setlur , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Chelsea Finn , Aviral Kumar

Causal abstraction is a promising theoretical framework for explainable artificial intelligence that defines when an interpretable high-level causal model is a faithful simplification of a low-level deep learning system. However, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Atticus Geiger , Zhengxuan Wu , Christopher Potts , Thomas Icard , Noah D. Goodman

Structural analysis methods (e.g., probing and feature attribution) are increasingly important tools for neural network analysis. We propose a new structural analysis method grounded in a formal theory of causal abstraction that provides…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Atticus Geiger , Hanson Lu , Thomas Icard , Christopher Potts

Historical prescriptions and selected candidate drugs relevant to the current visit serve as important references for medication recommendation. However, in the absence of explicit intrinsic principles for semantic composition, existing…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yanda Wang , Weitong Chen , Chao Tan , Ian Nabney , Lin Yue , Genlin Ji

One of the central elements of any causal inference is an object called structural causal model (SCM), which represents a collection of mechanisms and exogenous sources of random variation of the system under investigation (Pearl, 2000). An…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Kevin Xia , Kai-Zhan Lee , Yoshua Bengio , Elias Bareinboim

In distributed systems where strong consistency is costly when not impossible, causal consistency provides a valuable abstraction to represent program executions as partial orders. In addition to the sequential program order of each…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-03-15 Matthieu Perrin , Achour Mostefaoui , Claude Jard

Scientific models describe natural phenomena at different levels of abstraction. Abstract descriptions can provide the basis for interventions on the system and explanation of observed phenomena at a level of granularity that is coarser…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Sander Beckers , Frederick Eberhardt , Joseph Y. Halpern

Identifying the effect of a treatment from observational data typically requires assuming a fully specified causal diagram. However, such diagrams are rarely known in practice, especially in complex or high-dimensional settings. To overcome…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Clément Yvernes , Emilie Devijver , Marianne Clausel , Eric Gaussier

Biological systems are often modelled at different levels of abstraction depending on the particular aims/resources of a study. Such different models often provide qualitatively concordant predictions over specific parametrisations, but it…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-05-10 Giulio Caravagna , Luca Bortolussi , Guido Sanguinetti