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Spatial interference and spatial confounding are two major issues inhibiting precise causal estimates when dealing with observational spatial data. Moreover, the definition and interpretation of spatial confounding remain arguable in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-04 Isqeel Ogunsola , Olatunji Johnson

Spatial areal models encounter the well-known and challenging problem of spatial confounding. This issue makes it arduous to distinguish between the impacts of observed covariates and spatial random effects. Despite previous research and…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-08 A. Urdangarin , T. Goicoa , T. Kneib , M. D. Ugarte

Over the past few decades, addressing "spatial confounding" has become a major topic in spatial statistics. However, the literature has provided conflicting definitions, and many proposed solutions are tied to specific analysis models and…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-14 Brian Gilbert , Abhirup Datta , Joan A. Casey , Elizabeth L. Ogburn

A spatial co-location pattern represents a subset of spatial features whose instances are prevalently located together in a geographic space. Although many algorithms of mining spatial co-location pattern have been proposed, there are still…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Xin Hu , Guoyin Wang , Jiangli Duan

The estimation of regression parameters in spatially referenced data plays a crucial role across various scientific domains. A common approach involves employing an additive regression model to capture the relationship between observations…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-03-29 David Bolin , Jonas Wallin

Statistical inferences for high-dimensional regression models have been extensively studied for their wide applications ranging from genomics, neuroscience, to economics. However, in practice, there are often potential unmeasured…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-12 Jing Ouyang , Kean Ming Tan , Gongjun Xu

In the presence of unmeasured spatial confounding, spatial models may actually increase (rather than decrease) bias, leading to uncertainty as to how they should be applied in practice. We evaluated spatial modeling approaches through…

The Parareal parallel-in-time integration method often performs poorly when applied to hyperbolic partial differential equations. This effect is even more pronounced when the coarse propagator uses a reduced spatial resolution. However,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-13 Judith Angel , Sebastian Götschel , Daniel Ruprecht

Confounding seriously impairs our ability to learn about causal relations from observational data. Confounding can be defined as a statistical association between two variables due to inputs from a common source (the confounder). For…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-05-17 Anders Ledberg

Adjusting for an unmeasured confounder is generally an intractable problem, but in the spatial setting it may be possible under certain conditions. In this paper, we derive necessary conditions on the coherence between the treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-23 Yawen Guan , Garritt L. Page , Brian J Reich , Massimo Ventrucci , Shu Yang

Until quite recently, the backbone of nearly every state-of-the-art computer vision model has been the 2D convolution. At its core, a 2D convolution simultaneously mixes information across both the spatial and channel dimensions of a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 George Cazenavette , Joel Julin , Simon Lucey

This manuscript unites causal inference and spatial statistics, presenting novel insights for causal inference in spatial data analysis, and drawing from tools in spatial statistics to estimate causal effects. We introduce spatial causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-17 Georgia Papadogeorgou , Srijata Samanta

Linear quantile regression is a powerful tool to investigate how predictors may affect a response heterogeneously across different quantile levels. Unfortunately, existing approaches find it extremely difficult to adjust for any dependency…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-10-30 Xu Chen , Surya T. Tokdar

Confounding matters in almost all observational studies that focus on causality. In order to eliminate bias caused by connfounders, oftentimes a substantial number of features need to be collected in the analysis. In this case, large p…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-12-30 Shinyuu Lee , Yuru Zhu

Spatial confounding poses a significant challenge in scientific studies involving spatial data, where unobserved spatial variables can influence both treatment and outcome, possibly leading to spurious associations. To address this problem,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Mauricio Tec , Ana Trisovic , Michelle Audirac , Sophie Woodward , Jie Kate Hu , Naeem Khoshnevis , Francesca Dominici

Unmeasured, spatially-structured factors can confound associations between spatial environmental exposures and health outcomes. Adding flexible splines to a regression model is a simple approach for spatial confounding adjustment, but the…

Applications · Statistics 2020-06-22 Joshua P. Keller , Adam A. Szpiro

We study a model where one target variable Y is correlated with a vector X:=(X_1,...,X_d) of predictor variables being potential causes of Y. We describe a method that infers to what extent the statistical dependences between X and Y are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-11 Dominik Janzing , Bernhard Schoelkopf

Unmeasured confounding can severely bias causal effect estimates from spatiotemporal observational data, especially when the confounders do not vary smoothly in time and space. In this work, we develop a method for addressing unmeasured…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-29 Jiaxi Wu , Alexander Franks

In a multiple linear regression model, the algebraic formula of the decomposition theorem explains the relationship between the univariate regression coefficient and partial regression coefficient using geometry. It was found that…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-04 Xingguo Wu

A machine learning model, under the influence of observed or unobserved confounders in the training data, can learn spurious correlations and fail to generalize when deployed. For image classifiers, augmenting a training dataset using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy , Saloni Dash , Amit Sharma , Vineeth N Balasubramanian