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Quantum computers promise transformative speedups, but environmental noise destroys their fragile states. Conventional quantum error correction (QEC) encodes information redundantly across physical qubits, yet fails above a threshold of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Hikaru Wakaura , Taiki Tanimae

Variational quantum algorithms are expected to demonstrate the advantage of quantum computing on near-term noisy quantum computers. However, training such variational quantum algorithms suffers from gradient vanishing as the size of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-30 Anbang Wu , Gushu Li , Yuke Wang , Boyuan Feng , Yufei Ding , Yuan Xie

Variational quantum algorithm (VQA), which is comprised of a classical optimizer and a parameterized quantum circuit, emerges as one of the most promising approaches for harvesting the power of quantum computers in the noisy intermediate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-01 Samuel Stein , Yufei Ding , Nathan Wiebe , Bo Peng , Karol Kowalski , Nathan Baker , James Ang , Ang Li

Quantum error correction is important to quantum information processing, which allows us to reliably process information encoded in quantum error correction codes. Efficient quantum error correction benefits from the knowledge of error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-12 Ming-Xia Huo , Ying Li

We present a general framework for applying linear quantum error mitigation (QEM) techniques directly to physical qubits within a logical qubit to suppress logical errors. By exploiting the linearity of quantum error correction (QEC), we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Minjun Jeon , Zhenyu Cai

Near-term quantum computers have been built as intermediate-scale quantum devices and are fragile against quantum noise effects, namely, NISQ devices. Traditional quantum-error-correcting codes are not implemented on such devices and to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-18 Yusuke Hama , Hirofumi Nishi

The intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum systems makes error correction or mitigation indispensable for quantum computation. While current error-correcting strategies focus on correcting errors in quantum states or quantum gates, these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-23 Andrew K. Tan , Yuan Liu , Minh C. Tran , Isaac L. Chuang

Quantum error correction (QEC) aims to protect logical qubits from noises by utilizing the redundancy of a large Hilbert space, where an error, once it occurs, can be detected and corrected in real time. In most QEC codes, a logical qubit…

Quantum computation and communication rely on the ability to manipulate quantum states robustly and with high fidelity. Thus, some form of error correction is needed to protect fragile quantum superposition states from corruption by…

Quantum error correcting (QEC) codes protect quantum information from decoherence, as long as error rates fall below critical error thresholds. In general, obtaining thresholds implies simulating the QEC procedure using, in general,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-17 Luis Colmenarez , Ze-Min Huang , Sebastian Diehl , Markus Müller

Noise is the greatest obstacle in quantum metrology that limits it achievable precision and sensitivity. There are many techniques to mitigate the effect of noise, but this can never be done completely. One commonly proposed technique is to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-27 Nathan Shettell , William J. Munro , Damian Markham , Kae Nemoto

Quantum error correction protocols have been developed to offset the high sensitivity to noise inherent in quantum systems. However, much is still unknown about the behaviour of a quantum error-correcting code under general noise, including…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-09 Stefanie J. Beale , Joel J. Wallman

We propose using variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) to simulate established quantum algorithms under realistic noise conditions, aiming to surpass the fidelity of theoretical circuits in noisy environments. Focusing on the Quantum…

Standard approaches to quantum error correction (QEC) require active maintenance using measurements and classical processing. Passive QEC, by contrast, has so far been established only in unphysical spatial dimensions. Here, we give an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Gesa Dünnweber , Georgios Styliaris , Rahul Trivedi

The potential of quantum computers to outperform classical ones in practically useful tasks remains challenging in the near term due to scaling limitations and high error rates of current quantum hardware. While quantum error correction…

In this work we put forward the inclusion of error mitigation routines in the process of training Variational Quantum Circuit (VQC) models. In detail, we define a Real Time Quantum Error Mitigation (RTQEM) algorithm to assist in fitting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-30 Matteo Robbiati , Alejandro Sopena , Andrea Papaluca , Stefano Carrazza

Fault tolerant quantum error correction (QEC) networks are studied by a combination of numerical and approximate analytical treatments. The probability of failure of the recovery operation is calculated for a variety of CSS codes, including…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Andrew M. Steane

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for scalable quantum computing. However, it requires classical decoders that are fast and accurate enough to keep pace with quantum hardware. While quantum low-density parity-check codes have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Andi Gu , J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Mikhail D. Lukin , Susanne F. Yelin

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) are a promising application for near-term quantum processors, however the quality of their results is greatly limited by noise. For this reason, various error mitigation techniques have emerged to deal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-19 George S. Barron , Christopher J. Wood

Near-term quantum workloads demand error management, yet the two lightest-weight techniques, Quantum Error Detection (QED) and Probabilistic Error Cancellation (PEC), have complementary cost profiles whose joint architectural design space…