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Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) is implemented when algorithms are trained on both labeled and unlabeled data. This is a very common application of ML as it is unrealistic to obtain a fully labeled dataset. Researchers have tackled three…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Jason Lu , Michael Ma , Huaze Xu , Zixi Xu

Objective: Researchers often use model-based multiple imputation to handle missing at random data to minimize bias while making the best use of all available data. However, there are sometimes constraints within the data that make…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-03 Chinchin Wang , Tyrel Stokes , Russell Steele , Niels Wedderkopp , Ian Shrier

Missing data is a fundamental challenge in data science, significantly hindering analysis and decision-making across a wide range of disciplines, including healthcare, bioinformatics, social science, e-commerce, and industrial monitoring.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-12 Jicong Fan

Longitudinal studies are frequently used in medical research and involve collecting repeated measures on individuals over time. Observations from the same individual are invariably correlated and thus an analytic approach that accounts for…

We present a framework for generating multiple imputations for continuous data when the missing data mechanism is unknown. Imputations are generated from more than one imputation model in order to incorporate uncertainty regarding the…

Applications · Statistics 2013-01-14 Juned Siddique , Ofer Harel , Catherine M. Crespi

Pre-trained machine learning (ML) predictions have been increasingly used to complement incomplete data to enable downstream scientific inquiries, but their naive integration risks biased inferences. Recently, multiple methods have been…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-12 Xingran Chen , Tyler McCormick , Bhramar Mukherjee , Zhenke Wu

Imputation methods for dealing with incomplete data typically assume that the missingness mechanism is at random (MAR). These methods can also be applied to missing not at random (MNAR) situations, where the user specifies some adjustment…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-24 Shahab Jolani , Stef van Buuren

Widely used methods for analyzing missing data can be biased in small samples. To understand these biases, we evaluate in detail the situation where a small univariate normal sample, with values missing at random, is analyzed using either…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-27 Paul T. von Hippel

Missing data occur frequently in empirical studies in health and social sciences, often compromising our ability to make accurate inferences. An outcome is said to be missing not at random (MNAR) if, conditional on the observed variables,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-23 BaoLuo Sun , Lan Liu , Wang Miao , Kathleen Wirth , James Robins , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

Multiple imputation is a straightforward method for handling missing data in a principled fashion. This paper presents an overview of multiple imputation, including important theoretical results and their practical implications for…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-15 Jared S. Murray

Multiple imputation provides an effective way to handle missing data. When several possible models are under consideration for the data, the multiple imputation is typically performed under a single-best model selected from the candidate…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-11-30 Gyuhyeong Goh , Jae Kwang Kim

Multiple imputation is a highly recommended technique to deal with missing data, but the application to longitudinal datasets can be done in multiple ways. When a new wave of longitudinal data arrives, we can treat the combined data of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-18 X. M. Kavelaars , S. van Buuren , J. R. van Ginkel

Item nonresponse is frequently encountered in practice. Ignoring missing data can lose efficiency and lead to misleading inference. Fractional imputation is a frequentist approach of imputation for handling missing data. However, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-09-18 Hejian Sang , Jae Kwang Kim

Missing data poses a significant challenge in data science, affecting decision-making processes and outcomes. Understanding what missing data is, how it occurs, and why it is crucial to handle it appropriately is paramount when working with…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-09 Youran Zhou , Sunil Aryal , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek

Missing data theory deals with the statistical methods in the occurrence of missing data. Missing data occurs when some values are not stored or observed for variables of interest. However, most of the statistical theory assumes that data…

Missing data is a systemic problem in practical scenarios that causes noise and bias when estimating treatment effects. This makes treatment effect estimation from data with missingness a particularly tricky endeavour. A key reason for this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-27 Jeroen Berrevoets , Fergus Imrie , Trent Kyono , James Jordon , Mihaela van der Schaar

Data collected in clinical trials are often composed of multiple types of variables. For example, laboratory measurements and vital signs are longitudinal data of continuous or categorical variables, adverse events may be recurrent events,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-12 Tuo Wang , Rachel Zilinskas , Ying Li , Yongming Qu

Chronic diseases such as diabetes pose significant management challenges, particularly due to the risk of complications like hypoglycemia, which require timely detection and intervention. Continuous health monitoring through wearable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Vaibhav Gupta , Florian Grensing , Beyza Cinar , Maria Maleshkova

Given the prevalence of missing data in modern statistical research, a broad range of methods is available for any given imputation task. How does one choose the `best' imputation method in a given application? The standard approach is to…

Applications · Statistics 2022-12-01 Jeffrey Näf , Meta-Lina Spohn , Loris Michel , Nicolai Meinshausen

When data are missing due to at most one cause from some time to next time, we can make sampling distribution inferences about the parameter of the data by modeling the missing-data mechanism correctly. Proverbially, in case its mechanism…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-07-21 Kosuke Morikawa , Yutaka Kano