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To support efficient, balanced news consumption, merging articles from diverse sources into one, potentially through crowdsourcing, could alleviate some hurdles. However, the merging process could also impact annotators' attitudes towards…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Md Momen Bhuiyan , Sang Won Lee , Nitesh Goyal , Tanushree Mitra

Progress in NLP is increasingly measured through benchmarks; hence, contextualizing progress requires understanding when and why practitioners may disagree about the validity of benchmarks. We develop a taxonomy of disagreement, drawing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Arjun Subramonian , Xingdi Yuan , Hal Daumé , Su Lin Blodgett

Opinion mining and demographic attribute inference have many applications in social science. In this paper, we propose models to infer daily joint probabilities of multiple latent attributes from Twitter data, such as political sentiment…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-01-01 Ehsan Mohammady Ardehaly , Aron Culotta

The annotation of domain experts is important for some medical applications where the objective ground truth is ambiguous to define, e.g., the rehabilitation for some chronic diseases, and the prescreening of some musculoskeletal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Chongyang Wang , Yuan Gao , Chenyou Fan , Junjie Hu , Tin Lun Lam , Nicholas D. Lane , Nadia Bianchi-Berthouze

Resolving disagreement in manual annotation typically consists of removing unreliable annotators and using a label aggregation strategy such as majority vote or expert opinion to resolve disagreement. These may have the side-effect of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Mugdha Pandya , Nafise Sadat Moosavi , Diana Maynard

We propose a novel method to conceptually decompose an existing annotation into separate levels, allowing the analysis of inter-annotators disagreement in each level separately. We suggest two distinct strategies in order to actualize this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Effi Levi , Shaul R. Shenhav

Using large language models (LLMs) to annotate relevance is an increasingly important technique in the information retrieval community. While some studies demonstrate that LLMs can achieve high user agreement with ground truth (human)…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Watheq Mansour , J. Shane Culpepper , Joel Mackenzie , Andrew Yates

Hate speech detection is a crucial task, especially on social media, where harmful content can spread quickly. Implementing machine learning models to automatically identify and address hate speech is essential for mitigating its impact and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Somaiyeh Dehghan , Mehmet Umut Sen , Berrin Yanikoglu

Automated grading systems can efficiently score short-answer responses, yet they often fail to indicate when a grading decision is uncertain or potentially contentious. We introduce semantic entropy, a measure of variability across multiple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Karrtik Iyer , Manikandan Ravikiran , Prasanna Pendse , Shayan Mohanty

Finding an agreement among diverse opinions is a challenging topic in multiagent systems. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential in addressing this challenge due to their remarkable capabilities in comprehending…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Shiyao Ding , Takayuki Ito

We propose an annotation approach that captures not only labels but also the reading process underlying annotators' decisions, e.g., what parts of the text they focus on, re-read or skim. Using this framework, we conduct a case study on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Karin de Langis , William Walker , Khanh Chi Le , Dongyeop Kang

Data annotation refers to the labeling or tagging of textual data with relevant information. A large body of works have reported positive results on leveraging LLMs as an alternative to human annotators. However, existing studies focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yu-Min Tseng , Wei-Lin Chen , Chung-Chi Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Human annotation is central to NLP evaluation, yet subjective tasks often exhibit substantial variability across annotators. While large language models (LLMs) can provide structured reasoning to support annotation, their influence on human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Smitha Muthya Sudheendra , Jaideep Srivastava

Detecting political bias in news media is a complex task that requires interpreting subtle linguistic and contextual cues. Although recent advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have enabled automatic bias classification, the extent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Shreya Adrita Banik , Niaz Nafi Rahman , Tahsina Moiukh , Farig Sadeque

The "LLM-as-an-annotator" and "LLM-as-a-judge" paradigms employ Large Language Models (LLMs) as annotators, judges, and evaluators in tasks traditionally performed by humans. LLM annotations are widely used, not only in NLP research but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Nitay Calderon , Roi Reichart , Rotem Dror

Crowdsourced annotation is vital to both collecting labelled data to train and test automated content moderation systems and to support human-in-the-loop review of system decisions. However, annotation tasks such as judging hate speech are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Danula Hettiachchi , Indigo Holcombe-James , Stephanie Livingstone , Anjalee de Silva , Matthew Lease , Flora D. Salim , Mark Sanderson

Discourse-annotated corpora are an important resource for the community, but they are often annotated according to different frameworks. This makes comparison of the annotations difficult, thereby also preventing researchers from searching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-16 Vera Demberg , Fatemeh Torabi Asr , Merel Scholman

Emotion expression and perception are nuanced, complex, and highly subjective processes. When multiple annotators label emotional data, the resulting labels contain high variability. Most speech emotion recognition tasks address this by…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 James Tavernor , Yara El-Tawil , Emily Mower Provost

Using novel approaches to dataset development, the Biasly dataset captures the nuance and subtlety of misogyny in ways that are unique within the literature. Built in collaboration with multi-disciplinary experts and annotators themselves,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Brooklyn Sheppard , Anna Richter , Allison Cohen , Elizabeth Allyn Smith , Tamara Kneese , Carolyne Pelletier , Ioana Baldini , Yue Dong

This work offers a novel view on the use of human input as labels, acknowledging that humans may err. We build a behavioral profile for human annotators which is used as a feature representation of the provided input. We show that by…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Roee Shraga