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A wide variety of methods have been developed to enable lifelong learning in conventional deep neural networks. However, to succeed, these methods require a `batch' of samples to be available and visited multiple times during training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Soumya Banerjee , Vinay Kumar Verma , Toufiq Parag , Maneesh Singh , Vinay P. Namboodiri

The problem of class incremental learning (CIL) is considered. State-of-the-art approaches use a dynamic architecture based on network expansion (NE), in which a task expert is added per task. While effective from a computational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Zhiyuan Hu , Yunsheng Li , Jiancheng Lyu , Dashan Gao , Nuno Vasconcelos

Traditional machine learning systems are deployed under the closed-world setting, which requires the entire training data before the offline training process. However, real-world applications often face the incoming new classes, and a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Da-Wei Zhou , Fu-Yun Wang , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan

Class-incremental learning (CIL) is a particularly challenging variant of continual learning, where the goal is to learn to discriminate between all classes presented in an incremental fashion. Existing approaches often suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Michał Zając , Tinne Tuytelaars , Gido M. van de Ven

Class Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to handle the scenario where data of novel classes occur continuously and sequentially. The model should recognize the sequential novel classes while alleviating the catastrophic forgetting. In the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Xiaoshuang Chen , Zhongyi Sun , Ke Yan , Shouhong Ding , Hongtao Lu

Online Continual Learning (CL) solves the problem of learning the ever-emerging new classification tasks from a continuous data stream. Unlike its offline counterpart, in online CL, the training data can only be seen once. Most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Maorong Wang , Nicolas Michel , Ling Xiao , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to sequentially learn new classes while mitigating catastrophic forgetting of previously learned knowledge. Conventional CIL approaches implicitly assume that classes are morphologically static,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zheng Zhang , Tao Hu , Xueheng Li , Yang Wang , Rui Li , Jie Zhang , Chengjun Xie

Plasticity-stability dilemma is a main problem for incremental learning, where plasticity is referring to the ability to learn new knowledge, and stability retains the knowledge of previous tasks. Many methods tackle this problem by storing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Guoliang Lin , Hanlu Chu , Hanjiang Lai

Class-Incremental learning (CIL) refers to the ability of artificial agents to integrate new classes as they appear in a stream. It is particularly interesting in evolving environments where agents have limited access to memory and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Eden Belouadah , Arnaud Dapogny , Kevin Bailly

Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learning (efCIL) aims to continuously incorporate the knowledge from new classes while retaining previously learned information, without storing any old-class exemplars (i.e., samples). For this purpose,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Libo Huang , Zhulin An , Yan Zeng , Chuanguang Yang , Xinqiang Yu , Yongjun Xu

Exemplar-based class-incremental learning (CIL) finetunes the model with all samples of new classes but few-shot exemplars of old classes in each incremental phase, where the "few-shot" abides by the limited memory budget. In this paper, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Zilin Luo , Yaoyao Liu , Bernt Schiele , Qianru Sun

Feature Distillation (FD) strategies are proven to be effective in mitigating Catastrophic Forgetting (CF) seen in Class Incremental Learning (CIL). However, current FD approaches enforce strict alignment of feature magnitudes and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 S Balasubramanian , Yedu Krishna P , Talasu Sai Sriram , M Sai Subramaniam , Manepalli Pranav Phanindra Sai , Darshan Gera

Existing continual learning (CL) research regards catastrophic forgetting (CF) as almost the only challenge. This paper argues for another challenge in class-incremental learning (CIL), which we call cross-task class discrimination…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Yiduo Guo , Bing Liu , Dongyan Zhao

The integration of large pre-trained models (PTMs) into Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) has facilitated the development of computationally efficient strategies such as First-Session Adaptation (FSA), which fine-tunes the model solely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Imad Eddine Marouf , Subhankar Roy , Stéphane Lathuilière , Enzo Tartaglione

A major challenge in Reinforcement Learning (RL) is the difficulty of learning an optimal policy from sparse rewards. Prior works enhance online RL with conventional Imitation Learning (IL) via a handcrafted auxiliary objective, at the cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Shilong Deng , Zetao Zheng , Hongcai He , Paul Weng , Jie Shao

Class Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to sequentially acquire knowledge of new classes without forgetting previously learned ones. Despite recent progress, current CIL methods still exhibit significant performance gaps compared to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zihuan Qiu , Yi Xu , Fanman Meng , Runtong Zhang , Linfeng Xu , Qingbo Wu , Hongliang Li

Deep learning models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in many computer vision tasks. However, in real-world scenarios, novel classes that were unseen during training often emerge, requiring models to acquire new knowledge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Lucas Rakotoarivony

The design of machines and algorithms capable of learning in a dynamically changing environment has become an increasingly topical problem with the increase of the size and heterogeneity of data available to learning systems. As a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Francesco Pelosin , Andrea Torsello

Continual learning aims to learn multiple tasks sequentially. A key challenge in continual learning is balancing between two objectives: retaining knowledge from old tasks (stability) and adapting to new tasks (plasticity). Experience…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Song Lai , Zhe Zhao , Fei Zhu , Xi Lin , Qingfu Zhang , Gaofeng Meng

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to learn new classes sequentially while retaining the knowledge of previously learned classes. Recently, pre-trained models (PTMs) combined with parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) have shown…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jiangpeng He , Zhihao Duan , Fengqing Zhu
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