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The energy efficiency of analog computing-in-memory (ACIM) accelerator for recurrent neural networks, particularly long short-term memory (LSTM) network, is limited by the high proportion of nonlinear (NL) operations typically executed…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Junyi Yang , Xinyu Luo , Ye Ke , Zheng Wang , Hongyang Shang , Shuai Dong , Zhengnan Fu , Xiaofeng Yang , Hongjie Liu , Arindam Basu

The emergence of Phase-Change Memory (PCM) provides opportunities for directly connecting persistent memory to main memory bus. While PCM achieves high read throughput and low standby power, the critical concerns are its poor write…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Yinjin Fu

Magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular anisotropy form the basis of the spin-transfer torque magnetic random-access memory (STT-MRAM), which is non-volatile, fast, dense, and has quasi-infinite write endurance and low power…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-02-17 Libor Vojáček , Fatima Ibrahim , Ali Hallal , Bernard Dieny , Mairbek Chshiev

Spin-orbitronics, based on both spin and orbital angular momentum, presents a promising pathway for energy-efficient memory and logic devices. Recent studies have demonstrated the emergence of orbital currents in light transition metals…

The balance between low power consumption and high efficiency in memory devices is a major limiting factor in the development of new technologies. Magnetic random access memories (MRAM) based on CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs)…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-08-24 Andrea Meo , Roman Chepulskyy , Dmytro Apalkov , Roy W. Chantrell , Richard F. L. Evans

As Moore's law is gradually losing its effectiveness, developing alternative high-speed and low-energy-consuming information technology with post-silicon advanced materials is urgently needed. The successful application of tunneling…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-06-12 Lishu Zhang , Jun Zhou , Hui Li , Lei Shen , Yuan Ping Feng

A non-volatile SRAM cell is proposed for low power applications using Spin Transfer Torque-Magnetic Tunnel Junction (STT-MTJ) devices. This novel cell offers non-volatile storage, thus allowing selected blocks of SRAM to be switched off…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Kanika Monga , Akul Malhotra , Nitin Chaturvedi , S. Gurunayaranan

Deep neural networks are widely deployed in many fields. Due to the in-situ computation (known as processing in memory) capacity of the Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) crossbar, ReRAM-based accelerator shows potential in accelerating…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Chenguang Zhang , Zhihang Yuan , Xingchen Li , Guangyu Sun

Domain-Wall Memory (DWM) structures typically bundle nanowires shifted together for parallel access. Ironically, this organization does not allow the natural shifting of DWM to realize \textit{logical shifting} within data elements. We…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Arifa Hoque , Alex K. Jones , Sanjukta Bhanja

This paper presents a tutorial and review of SRAM-based Compute-in-Memory (CIM) circuits, with a focus on both Digital CIM (DCIM) and Analog CIM (ACIM) implementations. We explore the fundamental concepts, architectures, and operational…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Kentaro Yoshioka , Shimpei Ando , Satomi Miyagi , Yung-Chin Chen , Wenlun Zhang

Spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is considered as one of the most promising candidates to build up a true universal memory thanks to its fast write/read speed, infinite endurance and non-volatility. However the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2015-06-04 Weisheng Zhao , Sumanta Chaudhuri , Celso Accoto , Jacques-Olivier Klein , Claude Chappert , Pascale Mazoyer

A new class of spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is discussed, in which writing is achieved using thermally initiated magnonic current pulses as an alternative to conventional electric current pulses. The…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-05-28 Niladri N. Mojumder , David W. Abraham , Kaushik Roy , D. C. Worledge

Analog Compute-in-Memory (CiM) accelerators are increasingly recognized for their efficiency in accelerating Deep Neural Networks (DNN). However, their dependence on Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) for accumulating partial sums from…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Shubham Negi , Utkarsh Saxena , Deepika Sharma , Kaushik Roy

The demand for computation resources and energy efficiency of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) applications requires a new paradigm to overcome the "Memory Wall". Analog In-Memory Computing (AIMC) is a promising paradigm since it…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Nazareno Bruschi , Giuseppe Tagliavini , Angelo Garofalo , Francesco Conti , Irem Boybat , Luca Benini , Davide Rossi

As a promising alternative to the Von Neumann architecture, in-memory computing holds the promise of delivering high computing capacity while consuming low power. Content addressable memory (CAM) can implement pattern matching and distance…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-07-10 Zijing Zhao , Junzhe Kang , Ashwin Tunga , Hojoon Ryu , Ankit Shukla , Shaloo Rakheja , Wenjuan Zhu

Large-capacity Content Addressable Memory (CAM) is a key element in a wide variety of applications. The inevitable complexities of scaling MOS transistors introduce a major challenge in the realization of such systems. Convergence of…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-03-17 Kamran Eshraghian , Kyoung Rok Cho , Omid Kavehei , Soon-Ku Kang , Derek Abbott , Sung-Mo Steve Kang

Shifting electrically a magnetic domain wall (DW) by the spin transfer mechanism is one of the future ways foreseen for the switching of spintronic memories or registers. The classical geometries where the current is injected in the plane…

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are an important class of neural networks designed to retain and incorporate context into current decisions. RNNs are particularly well suited for machine learning problems in which context is important,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-22 Mohammad Hossein Samavatian , Anys Bacha , Li Zhou , Radu Teodorescu

Memristors are non-volatile nano-resistors. Their resistance can be tuned by applied currents or voltages and set to a large number of levels between two limit values. Thanks to these properties, memristors are ideal building blocks for a…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-05-26 Steven Lequeux , Joao Sampaio , Vincent Cros , Kay Yakushiji , Akio Fukushima , Rie Matsumoto , Hitoshi Kubota , Shinji Yuasa , Julie Grollier

This paper presents a low cost PMOS-based 8T (P-8T) SRAM Compute-In-Memory (CIM) architecture that efficiently per-forms the multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations between 4-bit input activations and 8-bit weights. First, bit-line (BL)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Joonhyung Kim , Kyeongho Lee , Jongsun Park