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Heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} \sim 10$ GeV probe the QCD phase diagram at large baryon densities. Because the longitudinal Lorentz contraction is small at these collision energies, understanding the dynamics during the early…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-07-18 Chun Shen , Abel Noble , Jean-François Paquet , Björn Schenke , Charles Gale

The early stage of a heavy-ion collision is marked by rapid entropy production and the transition from a gluon saturated initial condition to a plasma of quarks and gluons that evolves hydrodynamically. However, during the early times of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-01-15 Andrew Gordeev , Steffen A. Bass , Berndt Mueller , Jean-Francois Paquet

Time evolution of a "little bang" created in heavy ion collisions can be divided into two phases, the pre-equilibrium and hydrodynamic. At what moment the evolution becomes hydrodynamic and is there any universality in the hydrodynamic…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2013-05-29 M. Lublinsky , E. Shuryak

In the context of event-by-event hydrodynamic description, we analyze the implications of two models characterized by distinct initial conditions. The initial energy density of the first model adopts a Gaussian-type distribution, while…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-04-02 Dan Wen , Kai Lin , Wei-Liang Qian , Bin Wang , Yogiro Hama , Takeshi Kodama

Heavy quark $R_{AA}$ and $v_2$ have been calculated at RHIC energy considering initial conditions with and without pre-equilibrium phase to highlight the effect of the latter on heavy quark observables. The momentum evolution of the heavy…

While the existence of a strongly interacting state of matter, known as 'quark-gluon plasma' (QGP), has been established in heavy ion collision experiments in the past decade, the task remains to map out the transition from the hadronic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-06-04 Jussi Auvinen , Hannah Petersen

In this paper we conduct a systematic study of the granularity of the initial state of hot and dense QCD matter produced in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions and its influence on bulk observables like particle yields, $m_T$ spectra…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2011-03-18 Hannah Petersen , Christopher Coleman-Smith , Steffen A. Bass , Robert Wolpert

Jet quenching provides a very flexible variety of observables which are sensitive to different energy- and time-scales of the strongly interacting matter created in heavy-ion collisions. Exploiting this versatility would make jet quenching…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-03-02 Carlota Andres , Néstor Armesto , Harri Niemi , Risto Paatelainen , Carlos A. Salgado

We present a fully three-dimensional initial state model for relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC Beam Energy Scan (BES) collision energies. The initial energy and net baryon density profiles are produced based on a classical string…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-11-30 Chun Shen , Björn Schenke

We show that by requiring positivity of the longitudinal pressure it is possible to constrain the initial conditions one can use in 2nd-order viscous hydrodynamical simulations of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We demonstrate this…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-09-09 Mauricio Martinez , Michael Strickland

Transport properties of strongly correlated quantum systems are of central interest in condensed matter, ultracold atoms and in dense plasmas. There, the proper treatment of strong correlations poses a great challenge to theory. Here, we…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-03-06 M. Bonitz , N. Schluenzen , S. Hermanns

Collective spin phenomena in the final states of heavy-ion collisions are typically understood to originate from vorticity and shear in the quark-gluon plasma. Here, we ask whether spin could already be present in the initial condition of…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-10-01 Giuliano Giacalone , Enrico Speranza

A model for energy, pressure and flow velocity distributions at the beginning of relativistic heavy ion collisions has been developed to be used as initial condition for hydrodynamical calculations. The results show that at the early stages…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 V. K. Magas , L. P. Csernai , D. D. Strottman

A 1+1 dimensional hydrodynamical model in the light-cone coordinates is used to describe central heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic bombarding energies. Deviations from Bjorken's scaling are taken into account by choosing finite-size…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 L. M. Satarov , I. N. Mishustin , A. V. Merdeev , H. Stoecker

We compute the longitudinal hydrodynamic flow in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5500 GeV by using boost non-invariant initial conditions following from perturbative QCD. The transfer of entropy and energy from the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2011-09-13 K. J. Eskola , K. Kajantie , P. V. Ruuskanen

We recently proposed a new approach to high energy nuclear scattering, which treats the initial stage of heavy ion collisions in a sophisticated way. We are able to calculate macroscopic quantities like energy density and velocity flow at…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-31 H. J. Drescher , F. M. Liu , S. Ostapchenko , T. Pierog , K. Werner

In order to estimate qualitatively the influence of nonequilibrium evolution in relativistic heavy ion collisions, we use the three dimensional Ising model with Metropolis algorithm to study the evolution from nonequilibrium to equilibrium…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-06-10 Xiaobing Li , Mingmei Xu , Yanhua Zhang , Zhiming Li , Yu Zhou , Jinghua Fu , Yuanfang Wu

We perform a calculation of the one- and two-point correlation functions of energy density and axial charge deposited in the glasma in the initial stage of a heavy ion collision at finite proper time. We do this by describing the initial…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-08-26 Pablo Guerrero-Rodríguez , Tuomas Lappi

We perform a global Bayesian analysis of a modern event-by-event heavy-ion collision model and LHC data at $\sqrt s$ = 2.76 and 5.02 TeV. After calibration, the model simultaneously describes multiplicity, transverse momentum, and flow data…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-03-14 Jonah E. Bernhard , J. Scott Moreland , Steffen A. Bass

A model for energy, pressure and flow velocity distributions at the beginning of relativistic heavy ion collisions is presented, which can be used as initial condition for hydrodynamical calculations. The results show that QGP forms a…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 V. K. Magas , L. P. Csernai , D. Strottman