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We reassess the Knowledge Neuron (KN) Thesis: an interpretation of the mechanism underlying the ability of large language models to recall facts from a training corpus. This nascent thesis proposes that facts are recalled from the training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Jingcheng Niu , Andrew Liu , Zining Zhu , Gerald Penn

When an LLM learns a new fact during finetuning (e.g., new movie releases, newly elected pope, etc.), where does this information go? Are entities enriched with relation information immediately, or do models recall information just-in-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Todd Nief , David Reber , Sean Richardson , Ari Holtzman

Large language models (LLMs) have learned vast amounts of factual knowledge through self-supervised pre-training on large-scale corpora. Meanwhile, LLMs have also demonstrated excellent multilingual capabilities, which can express the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Pengfei Cao , Yuheng Chen , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Reinforcement Learning frameworks, particularly those utilizing human annotations, have become an increasingly popular method for preference fine-tuning, where the outputs of a language model are tuned to match a certain set of behavioral…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Archie Chaudhury

The locate-then-edit paradigm has shown significant promise for knowledge editing (KE) in Large Language Models (LLMs). While previous methods perform well on single-hop fact recall tasks, they consistently struggle with multi-hop factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zhuoran Zhang , Yongxiang Li , Zijian Kan , Keyuan Cheng , Lijie Hu , Di Wang

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models (LLMs) on a diverse array of tasks has become a common approach for building models that can solve various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, where and to what extent these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zheng Zhao , Yftah Ziser , Shay B. Cohen

Teaching new information to pre-trained large language models (PLM) is a crucial but challenging task. Model adaptation techniques, such as fine-tuning and parameter-efficient training have been shown to store new facts at a slow rate;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Maxime Méloux , Christophe Cerisara

Knowledge editing aims to change language models' performance on several special cases (i.e., editing scope) by infusing the corresponding expected knowledge into them. With the recent advancements in large language models (LLMs), knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Jiaan Wang , Yunlong Liang , Zengkui Sun , Yuxuan Cao , Jiarong Xu , Fandong Meng

Model editing aims to modify the outputs of large language models after they are trained. Previous approaches have often involved direct alterations to model weights, which can result in model degradation. Recent techniques avoid making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Hammad Rizwan , Domenic Rosati , Ga Wu , Hassan Sajjad

Despite the impressive advancements achieved through vision-and-language pretraining, it remains unclear whether this joint learning paradigm can help understand each individual modality. In this work, we conduct a comparative analysis of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Zhuowan Li , Cihang Xie , Benjamin Van Durme , Alan Yuille

Knowledge editing aims to update the embedded knowledge within Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing approaches, whether through parameter modification or external memory integration, often suffer from inconsistent evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Guoxiu He , Xin Song , Futing Wang , Aixin Sun

Large language models (LLMs) can struggle to memorize factual knowledge in their parameters, often leading to hallucinations and poor performance on knowledge-intensive tasks. In this paper, we formalize fact memorization from an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jiayuan Ye , Vitaly Feldman , Kunal Talwar

One of the long-standing goals in optimisation and constraint programming is to describe a problem in natural language and automatically obtain an executable, efficient model. Large language models appear to bring this vision closer,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Alessio Pellegrino , Jacopo Mauro

Predicting a label correctly does not necessarily require representing the operation that produces it. Transformer representations are known to carry label-level information, but whether they encode semantic operations producing those…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Nura Aljaafari , Marco Valentino , André Freitas

Pretrained language models can encode a large amount of knowledge and utilize it for various reasoning tasks, yet they can still struggle to learn novel factual knowledge effectively from finetuning on limited textual demonstrations. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Xiao Zhang , Miao Li , Ji Wu

This paper investigates contextual word representation models from the lens of similarity analysis. Given a collection of trained models, we measure the similarity of their internal representations and attention. Critically, these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 John M. Wu , Yonatan Belinkov , Hassan Sajjad , Nadir Durrani , Fahim Dalvi , James Glass

Modern neural language models that are widely used in various NLP tasks risk memorizing sensitive information from their training data. Understanding this memorization is important in real world applications and also from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Chiyuan Zhang , Daphne Ippolito , Katherine Lee , Matthew Jagielski , Florian Tramèr , Nicholas Carlini

Large language models (LLMs) store vast amounts of knowledge, which often requires updates to correct factual errors, incorporate newly acquired information, or adapt model behavior. Model editing methods have emerged as efficient solutions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Fufang Wen , Shichang Zhang

How do language models retrieve entity-specific facts from their parameters? We investigate this question by searching for sparse, entity-selective MLP neurons - which we call entity cells, by analogy to the "grandmother cell" hypothesis in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Itay Yona , Dan Barzilay , Michael Karasik , Mor Geva

Large language models (LLMs) acquire vast knowledge from large text corpora, but this information can become outdated or inaccurate. Since retraining is computationally expensive, knowledge editing offers an efficient alternative --…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Amir Mohammad Salehoof , Ali Ramezani , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi