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Recent observations revealed a bimodal radius distribution of small, short-period exoplanets with a paucity in their occurrence, a radius `valley', around $1.5-2.0$ $R_\oplus$. In this work, we investigate the effect of a planet's own…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-05-27 Akash Gupta , Hilke E. Schlichting

The observed radii distribution of {\it Kepler} exoplanets reveals two distinct populations: those that are more likely to be terrestrials ($\lesssim1.7R_\oplus$) and those that are more likely to be gas-enveloped ($\gtrsim2R_\oplus$).…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-17 Eve J. Lee , Nicholas J. Connors

In recent years, analyzing the bimodality in the size distribution of small planets, i.e., the `radius valley', has given us unprecedented insight into the planet formation process. Here we explore the properties of the radius valley for…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-09-14 Akash Gupta , Lorraine Nicholson , Hilke E. Schlichting

The size of a planet is an observable property directly connected to the physics of its formation and evolution. We used precise radius measurements from the California-Kepler Survey (CKS) to study the size distribution of 2025…

The size distribution of planets with radii between 1 and $4 R_\oplus$ peaks near 1.4 and $2.2R_\oplus$, with a dip around $1.8 R_\oplus$ -- the so-called "radius valley." Recent statistical analyses suggest that planets within this valley…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-02 Sho Shibata , Andre Izidoro

Recently, the Kepler spacecraft has detected a sizable aggregate of objects, characterized by giant-planet-like radii and modest levels of stellar irradiation. With the exception of a handful of objects, the physical nature, and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Konstantin Batygin , David J. Stevenson

We use an end-to-end model of planet formation, thermodynamic evolution, and atmospheric escape to investigate how the statistical imprints of evaporation depend on the bulk composition of planetary cores (rocky vs. icy). We find that the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-02-14 Sheng Jin , Christoph Mordasini

We carry out an independent search of Kepler photometry for small transiting planets with sizes 0.5--8.0 times that of Earth and orbital periods between 5 and 50 days, with the goal of measuring the fraction of stars harboring such planets.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Erik A. Petigura , Geoffrey W. Marcy , Andrew W. Howard

The planets with a radius $<$ 4 $R$$_\oplus$ observed by the Kepler mission exhibit a unique feature, and propose a challenge for current planetary formation models. The tidal effect between a planet and its host star plays an essential…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-15 Yao Dong , Jianghui Ji , Su Wang

We present Kepler exoplanet occurrence rates for planets between $0.5-16$ R$_\oplus$ and between $1-400$ days. To measure occurrence, we use a non-parametric method via a kernel density estimator and use bootstrap random sampling for…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-02 Anne Dattilo , Natalie M. Batalha , Steve Bryson

The Kepler Mission has found thousands of planetary candidates with radii between 1 and 4 R$_\oplus$. These planets have no analogues in our own Solar System, providing an unprecedented opportunity to understand the range and distribution…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-25 Angie Wolfgang , Eric Lopez

The Kepler-observed distribution of planet sizes have revealed two distinct patterns: (1) a radius valley separating super-Earths and sub-Neptunes and (2) a preference for intra-system size similarity. We present a new model for the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-21 Matthias Y. He , Eric B. Ford

Short-period super-Earths and mini-Neptunes encircle more than $\sim50\%$ of Sun-like stars and are relatively amenable to direct observational characterization. Despite this, environments in which these planets accrete are difficult to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-05-04 Max Goldberg , Konstantin Batygin

Detection of Jupiter mass companions to nearby solar type stars with precise radial velocity measurements is now routine, and Doppler surveys are moving towards lower velocity amplitudes. The detection of several Neptune-mass planets with…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Raman Narayan , Andrew Cumming , D. N. C. Lin

The size frequency distribution of exoplanet radii between 1 and 4$R_{\oplus}$ is bimodal with peaks at $\sim$1.4 $R_{\oplus}$ and $\sim$2.4 $R_{\oplus}$, and a valley at $\sim$1.8$R_{\oplus}$. This radius valley separates two classes of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-11-16 Andre Izidoro , Hilke E. Schlichting , Andrea Isella , Rajdeep Dasgupta , Christian Zimmermann , Bertram Bitsch

We investigated the underlying architecture of planetary systems by deriving the distribution of planet multiplicity (number of planets) and the distribution of orbital inclinations based on the sample of planet candidates discovered by the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 Julia Fang , Jean-Luc Margot

The Kepler high-precision planetary sample has revealed a radius valley, separating compact super-Earths from sub-Neptunes with lower density. Super-Earths are generally assumed to be rocky planets that were probably born in-situ, while the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-14 Di-Chang Chen , Christoph Mordasini , Ji-Wei Xie , Ji-Lin Zhou , Alexandre Emsenhuber

The demographics of Kepler planets provide a key testbed for models of planet formation and evolution, particularly for explaining the radius valley separating super-Earths and sub-Neptunes. A primordial interpretation based on differences…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-13 Aritra Chakrabarty , Gijs D. Mulders , Artyom Aguichine , Natalie Batalha

We constrain the densities of Earth- to Neptune-size planets around very cool (Te =3660-4660K) Kepler stars by comparing 1202 Keck/HIRES radial velocity measurements of 150 nearby stars to a model based on Kepler candidate planet radii and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-30 Eric Gaidos , Debra A. Fischer , Andrew W. Mann , Sebastien Lepine

Population studies of Kepler's multi-planet systems have revealed a surprising degree of structure in their underlying architectures. Information from a detected transiting planet can be combined with a population model to make predictions…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-11-03 Matthias Y. He , Eric B. Ford , Darin Ragozzine