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Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming knowledge work by improving the quality and efficiency of tasks such as writing, coding, and data analysis. However, their growing use in education has exposed a learning-performance…

The lack of explainability of a decision from an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based "black box" system/model, despite its superiority in many real-world applications, is a key stumbling block for adopting AI in many high stakes applications…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Sheikh Rabiul Islam , William Eberle , Sheikh Khaled Ghafoor , Mohiuddin Ahmed

Explanation is key to people having confidence in high-stakes AI systems. However, machine-learning-based systems -- which account for almost all current AI -- can't explain because they are usually black boxes. The explainable AI (XAI)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Sergei Nirenburg , Marjorie McShane , Kenneth W. Goodman , Sanjay Oruganti

With dramatic improvements in optimization software, the solution of large-scale problems that seemed intractable decades ago are now a routine task. This puts even more real-world applications into the reach of optimizers. At the same…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-07 Marc Goerigk , Michael Hartisch

The recent enthusiasm for artificial intelligence (AI) is due principally to advances in deep learning. Deep learning methods are remarkably accurate, but also opaque, which limits their potential use in safety-critical applications. To…

Recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and their applications in critical industries such as healthcare, fin-tech and cybersecurity have led to a surge in research in explainability in AI. Innovative research methods are being…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Aoun E Muhammad , Kin-Choong Yow , Nebojsa Bacanin-Dzakula , Muhammad Attique Khan

We are used to the availability of big data generated in nearly all fields of science as a consequence of technological progress. However, the analysis of such data possess vast challenges. One of these relates to the explainability of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Frank Emmert-Streib , Olli Yli-Harja , Matthias Dehmer

The support of artificial intelligence (AI) based decision-making is a key element in future 6G networks, where the concept of native AI will be introduced. Moreover, AI is widely employed in different critical applications such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Abdul Karim Gizzini , Yahia Medjahdi , Ali J. Ghandour , Laurent Clavier

The development of intelligent machines is one of the biggest unsolved challenges in computer science. In this paper, we propose some fundamental properties these machines should have, focusing in particular on communication and learning.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-02-29 Tomas Mikolov , Armand Joulin , Marco Baroni

Language Models (LMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing and enabled remarkable progress across diverse domains, yet their black-box nature raises critical concerns about the interpretability of their internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Avash Palikhe , Zichong Wang , Zhipeng Yin , Rui Guo , Qiang Duan , Jie Yang , Wenbin Zhang

To benefit from AI advances, users and operators of AI systems must have reason to trust it. Trust arises from multiple interactions, where predictable and desirable behavior is reinforced over time. Providing the system's users with some…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Stephanie Galaitsi , Benjamin D. Trump , Jeffrey M. Keisler , Igor Linkov , Alexander Kott

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising approach to enhancing Explainable AI (XAI) by transforming complex machine learning outputs into easy-to-understand narratives, making model predictions more accessible to users, and helping…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Ahsan Bilal , David Ebert , Beiyu Lin

Background: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into daily life, particularly through chatbots utilizing natural language processing (NLP), presents both revolutionary potential and unique challenges. This intended to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Gian Alexandre Michaelsen , Renato P. dos Santos

Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms have become ubiquitous. Although they offer a wide range of benefits, their adoption in decision-critical fields is limited by their lack of interpretability, particularly with textual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Diego Antognini

Artificial intelligence is reshaping science and industry, yet many users still regard its models as opaque "black boxes". Conventional explainable artificial-intelligence methods clarify individual predictions but overlook the upstream…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 George Paterakis , Andrea Castellani , George Papoutsoglou , Tobias Rodemann , Ioannis Tsamardinos

Argumentation is a very active research field of Artificial Intelligence concerned with the representation and evaluation of arguments used in dialogues between humans and/or artificial agents. Acceptability semantics of formal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zlatina Mileva , Antonis Bikakis , Fabio Aurelio D'Asaro , Mark Law , Alessandra Russo

This paper introduces an approach to increasing the explainability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems by embedding Large Language Models (LLMs) within standardized analytical processes. While traditional explainable AI (XAI) methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Marc Jansen , Marcel Pehlke

Data-driven models created by machine learning, gain in importance in all fields of design and engineering. They, have high potential to assist decision-makers in creating novel, artefacts with better performance and sustainability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Philipp Geyer , Manav Mahan Singh , Xia Chen

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the major technological advancements of this century, bearing incredible potential for users through AI-powered applications and tools in numerous domains. Being often black-box (i.e., its…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eleonora Cappuccio , Andrea Esposito , Francesco Greco , Giuseppe Desolda , Rosa Lanzilotti , Salvatore Rinzivillo

This paper proposes a novel framework for developing safe Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) by combining Active Inference principles with Large Language Models (LLMs). We argue that traditional approaches to AI safety, focused on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Bo Wen