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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become the state-of-the-art method for many applications on graph structured data. GNNs are a model for graph representation learning, which aims at learning to generate low dimensional node embeddings that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Davide Buffelli , Fabio Vandin

Oversmoothing has been recognized as a main obstacle to building deep Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), limiting the performance. This position paper argues that the influence of oversmoothing has been overstated and advocates for a further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 MoonJeong Park , Sunghyun Choi , Jaeseung Heo , Eunhyeok Park , Dongwoo Kim

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved promising performance on a wide range of graph-based tasks. Despite their success, one severe limitation of GNNs is the over-smoothing issue (indistinguishable representations of nodes in different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Deli Chen , Yankai Lin , Wei Li , Peng Li , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

In recent years, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown superior performance on diverse applications on real-world datasets. To improve the model capacity and alleviate the over-smoothing problem, several methods proposed to incorporate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Lanning Wei , Huan Zhao , Zhiqiang He

Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) with the powerful capacity to explore graph-structural data has gained noticeable success in recent years. Nonetheless, most of the existing GCN-based models suffer from the notorious over-smoothing issue,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Zhaoliang Chen , Zhihao Wu , Zhenghong Lin , Shiping Wang , Claudia Plant , Wenzhong Guo

There has been tremendous success in the field of graph neural networks (GNNs) as a result of the development of the message-passing (MP) layer, which updates the representation of a node by combining it with its neighbors to address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Hyeokjin Kwon , Jong-Min Lee

Current Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) suffer from the over-smoothing problem, which results in indistinguishable node representations and low model performance with more GNN layers. Many methods have been put forward to tackle this problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Xinshun Feng , Herun Wan , Shangbin Feng , Hongrui Wang , Jun Zhou , Qinghua Zheng , Minnan Luo

Residual connections and normalization layers have become standard design choices for graph neural networks (GNNs), and were proposed as solutions to the mitigate the oversmoothing problem in GNNs. However, how exactly these methods help…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Michael Scholkemper , Xinyi Wu , Ali Jadbabaie , Michael T. Schaub

Graph neural networks (GNNs) integrate deep architectures and topological structure modeling in an effective way. However, the performance of existing GNNs would decrease significantly when they stack many layers, because of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Kaixiong Zhou , Xiao Huang , Daochen Zha , Rui Chen , Li Li , Soo-Hyun Choi , Xia Hu

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), a type of neural network that can learn from graph-structured data through neighborhood information aggregation, have shown superior performance in various downstream tasks. However, as the number of layers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Jingbo Zhou , Yixuan Du , Ruqiong Zhang , Jun Xia , Zhizhi Yu , Zelin Zang , Di Jin , Carl Yang , Rui Zhang , Stan Z. Li

Oversmoothing is a central challenge of building more powerful Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). While previous works have only demonstrated that oversmoothing is inevitable when the number of graph convolutions tends to infinity, in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Xinyi Wu , Zhengdao Chen , William Wang , Ali Jadbabaie

Graph Neural Network (GNN) achieves great success for node-level and graph-level tasks via encoding meaningful topological structures of networks in various domains, ranging from social to biological networks. However, repeated aggregation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Tanvir Hossain , Khaled Mohammed Saifuddin , Muhammad Ifte Khairul Islam , Farhan Tanvir , Esra Akbas

Oversmoothing in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) refers to the phenomenon where increasing network depth leads to homogeneous node representations. While previous work has established that Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) exponentially lose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Xinyi Wu , Amir Ajorlou , Zihui Wu , Ali Jadbabaie

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a framework for graph representation learning, where a model learns to generate low dimensional node embeddings that encapsulate structural and feature-related information. GNNs are usually trained in an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Davide Buffelli , Fabio Vandin

Geometric deep learning has made great strides towards generalizing the design of structure-aware neural networks from traditional domains to non-Euclidean ones, giving rise to graph neural networks (GNN) that can be applied to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-28 Frederik Wenkel , Yimeng Min , Matthew Hirn , Michael Perlmutter , Guy Wolf

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved success in various inference tasks on graph-structured data. However, common challenges faced by many GNNs in the literature include the problem of graph node embedding under various geometries and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Qiyu Kang , Kai Zhao , Yang Song , Sijie Wang , Rui She , Wee Peng Tay

Recent years have witnessed remarkable success achieved by graph neural networks (GNNs) in many real-world applications such as recommendation and drug discovery. Despite the success, oversmoothing has been identified as one of the key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Wei Jin , Xiaorui Liu , Yao Ma , Charu Aggarwal , Jiliang Tang

In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have become a popular tool for solving various problems over graphs. In these models, the link structure of the graph is typically exploited and nodes' embeddings are iteratively updated based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Fatemeh Gholamzadeh Nasrabadi , AmirHossein Kashani , Pegah Zahedi , Mostafa Haghir Chehreghani

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) face two fundamental challenges when scaled to deep architectures: oversmoothing, where node representations converge to indistinguishable vectors, and oversquashing, where information from distant nodes fails…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Mostafa Haghir Chehreghani

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are widely used in domains like social networks and biological systems. However, the locality assumption of GNNs, which limits information exchange to neighboring nodes, hampers their ability to capture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Tingting Dan , Jiaqi Ding , Ziquan Wei , Shahar Z Kovalsky , Minjeong Kim , Won Hwa Kim , Guorong Wu