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Connected and autonomous vehicles across land, water, and air must often operate in dynamic, unpredictable environments with limited communication, no centralized control, and partial observability. These real-world constraints pose…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hung Du , Hy Nguyen , Srikanth Thudumu , Rajesh Vasa , Kon Mouzakis

Many real-world problems, such as network packet routing and urban traffic control, are naturally modeled as multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) problems. However, existing multi-agent RL methods typically scale poorly in the problem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Jakob Foerster , Nantas Nardelli , Gregory Farquhar , Triantafyllos Afouras , Philip H. S. Torr , Pushmeet Kohli , Shimon Whiteson

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) aims to coordinate multiple agents to achieve a common goal. A key challenge in MARL is credit assignment, which involves assessing each agent's contribution to the shared reward. Given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xutong Zhao , Yaqi Xie

Autonomous AI agents operating in dynamic environments face a persistent challenge: acquiring new capabilities without erasing prior knowledge. We present Adaptive Memory Crystallization (AMC), a memory architecture for progressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Rajat Khanda , Mohammad Baqar Sambuddha Chakrabarti , Satyasaran Changdar

This paper studies fully decentralized cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning, where each agent solely observes the states, its local actions, and the shared rewards. The inability to access other agents' actions often leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chao Li , Bingkun Bao , Yang Gao

Life-cycle management of large-scale transportation systems requires determining a sequence of inspection and maintenance decisions to minimize long-term risks and costs while dealing with multiple uncertainties and constraints that lie in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-26 M. Saifullah , K. G. Papakonstantinou , A. Bhattacharya , S. M. Stoffels , C. P. Andriotis

In mixed-traffic environments, autonomous vehicles must adapt to human-controlled vehicles and other unusual driving situations. This setting can be framed as a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) environment with full cooperative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Xuan Duy Ta , Bang Giang Le , Thanh Ha Le , Viet Cuong Ta

Reinforcement learning in partially observable environments is typically challenging, as it requires agents to learn an estimate of the underlying system state. These challenges are exacerbated in multi-agent settings, where agents learn…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Paul J. Pritz , Kin K. Leung

This paper presents a novel approach to Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) that combines cooperative task decomposition with the learning of reward machines (RMs) encoding the structure of the sub-tasks. The proposed method helps…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Leo Ardon , Daniel Furelos-Blanco , Alessandra Russo

Attention mechanisms excel at learning sequential patterns by discriminating data based on relevance and importance. This provides state-of-the-art performance in advanced generative artificial intelligence models. This paper applies this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Turki Bin Mohaya , Peter Seiler

A unique challenge in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is the curse of multiagency, where the description length of the game as well as the complexity of many existing learning algorithms scale exponentially with the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Yuanhao Wang , Qinghua Liu , Yu Bai , Chi Jin

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has shown clear effectiveness in coordinating multiple agents across simulated benchmarks and constrained scenarios. However, its deployment in real-world multi-agent systems (MAS) remains limited,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Siyi Hu , Mohamad A Hady , Jianglin Qiao , Jimmy Cao , Mahardhika Pratama , Ryszard Kowalczyk

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) has garnered significant attention for its ability to learn effective policies from pre-collected datasets without the need for further environmental interactions. While promising results have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 The Viet Bui , Thanh Hong Nguyen , Tien Mai

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has shown great potential as an adaptive solution for addressing modern cybersecurity challenges. MARL enables decentralized, adaptive, and collaborative defense strategies and provides an automated…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Christoph R. Landolt , Christoph Würsch , Roland Meier , Alain Mermoud , Julian Jang-Jaccard

In graph-structured multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) adversarial tasks such as pursuit and confrontation, agents must coordinate under highly dynamic interactions, where sparse rewards hinder efficient policy learning. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Ruochuan Shi , Runyu Lu , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao

Recent Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) literature has been largely focused on Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution (CTDE) paradigm. CTDE has been a dominant approach for both cooperative and mixed environments due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Vladimir Egorov , Aleksei Shpilman

We posit a new mechanism for cooperation in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) based upon any nonlinear function of the team's long-term state-action occupancy measure, i.e., a \emph{general utility}. This subsumes the cumulative…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-25 Junyu Zhang , Amrit Singh Bedi , Mengdi Wang , Alec Koppel

The adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) problem can be modeled as a multiagent cooperative game among urban intersections, where intersections cooperate to optimize their common goal. Recently, reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Chengwei Zhang , Shan Jin , Wanli Xue , Xiaofei Xie , Shengyong Chen , Rong Chen

Non-stationarity is a fundamental challenge in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), where agents update their behaviour as they learn. Many theoretical advances in MARL avoid the challenge of non-stationarity by coordinating the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Bora Yongacoglu , Gürdal Arslan , Serdar Yüksel

Agentic Reinforcement Learning (ARL) trains large language models to interleave reasoning with external tool execution to solve complex tasks. Most existing ARL methods train a single set of parameters to support both reasoning and tool-use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yu Li , Mingyang Yi , Xiuyu Li , Ju Fan , Fuxin Jiang , Binbin Chen , Peng Li , Jie Song , Tieying Zhang