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This article summarizes the research progress of scenario-based testing and development technology for autonomous vehicles. We systematically analyzed previous research works and proposed the definition of scenario, the elements of the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Xiaoyi Li

Microscopic traffic simulation has become an important tool for autonomous driving training and testing. Although recent data-driven approaches advance realistic behavior generation, their learning still relies primarily on a single…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Shenyu Zhang , Jiaguo Tian , Zhengbang Zhu , Shan Huang , Jucheng Yang , Weinan Zhang

Stress testing is an approach for evaluating the reliability of systems under extreme conditions which help reveal vulnerable scenarios that standard testing may overlook. Identifying such scenarios is of great importance in autonomous…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Linh Trinh , Quang-Hung Luu , Thai M. Nguyen , Hai L. Vu

Simulation is an indispensable tool in the development and testing of autonomous vehicles (AVs), offering an efficient and safe alternative to road testing. An outstanding challenge with simulation-based testing is the generation of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Peide Huang , Wenhao Ding , Benjamin Stoler , Jonathan Francis , Bingqing Chen , Ding Zhao

In order to find the most likely failure scenarios which may occur under certain given operation domain, critical-scenario-based test is supposed as an effective and widely used method, which gives suggestions for designers to improve the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Yizhou Xie , Kunpeng Dai , Yong Zhang

Autonomous vehicle safety is crucial for the successful deployment of self-driving cars. However, most existing planning methods rely heavily on imitation learning, which limits their ability to leverage collision data effectively.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Zi Wang , Shiyi Lan , Xinglong Sun , Nadine Chang , Zhenxin Li , Zhiding Yu , Jose M. Alvarez

Developing and fielding complex systems requires proof that they are reliably correct with respect to their design and operating requirements. Especially for autonomous systems which exhibit unanticipated emergent behavior, fully…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Matthew Litton , Doron Drusinsky , James Bret Michael

The safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) are paramount, necessitating rigorous testing methodologies to uncover potential failures before deployment. Traditional testing approaches often prioritize either natural…

Verification and validation are major challenges for developing automated driving systems. A concept that gets more and more recognized for testing in automated driving is scenario-based testing. However, it introduces the problem of what…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Barbara Schütt , Marc Heinrich , Sonja Marahrens , J. Marius Zöllner , Eric Sax

Autonomous vehicles are in an intensive research and development stage, and the organizations developing these systems are targeting to deploy them on public roads in a very near future. One of the expectations from fully-automated vehicles…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-03-27 Cumhur Erkan Tuncali , Georgios Fainekos

Digital testing has emerged as a key paradigm for the development and verification of autonomous maritime navigation systems, yet the availability of realistic and diverse safety-critical encounter scenarios remains limited. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Sijin Sun , Liangbin Zhao , Ming Deng , Xiuju Fu

Virtual scenario-based testing methods to validate autonomous driving systems are predominantly centred around collision avoidance, and lack a comprehensive approach to evaluate optimal driving behaviour holistically. Furthermore, current…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Kethan Reddy , Elias Nassif , Panagiotis Angeloudis , Mohammed Quddus , Washington Ochieng

Testing is essential for verifying and validating control designs, especially in safety-critical applications. In particular, the control system governing an automated driving vehicle must be proven reliable enough for its acceptance on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-11 Mengjia Zhu , Alberto Bemporad , Maximilian Kneissl , Hasan Esen

The development of software components for autonomous driving functions should always include an extensive and rigorous evaluation. Since real-world testing is expensive and safety-critical -- especially when facing dynamic racing scenarios…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Tim Stahl , Johannes Betz

Video generation models, as one form of world models, have emerged as one of the most exciting frontiers in AI, promising agents the ability to imagine the future by modeling the temporal evolution of complex scenes. In autonomous driving,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yang Zhou , Hao Shao , Letian Wang , Zhuofan Zong , Hongsheng Li , Steven L. Waslander

Search-based testing is critical for evaluating the safety and reliability of autonomous driving systems (ADSs). However, existing approaches are often built on heterogeneous frameworks (e.g., distinct scenario spaces, simulators, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Mingfei Cheng , Lionel Briand , Yuan Zhou

This paper presents an extended version of Deeper, a search-based simulation-integrated test solution that generates failure-revealing test scenarios for testing a deep neural network-based lane-keeping system. In the newly proposed…

Driving scenario data play an increasingly vital role in the development of intelligent vehicles and autonomous driving. Accurate and efficient scenario data search is critical for both online vehicle decision-making and planning, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Cheng Chang , Jingwei Ge , Jiazhe Guo , Zelin Guo , Binghong Jiang , Li Li

Testing and evaluation is an important step before the large-scale application of the autonomous driving systems (ADSs). Based on the three level of scenario abstraction theory, a testing can be performed within a logical scenario, followed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Xinzheng Wu , Junyi Chen , Jianfeng Wu , Longgao Zhang , Tian Xia , Yong Shen

Extracting interesting scenarios from real-world data as well as generating failure cases is important for the development and testing of autonomous systems. We propose efficient mechanisms to both characterize and generate testing…