English
Related papers

Related papers: Inconsistencies in Masked Language Models

200 papers

This paper considers the challenges Large Language Models (LLMs) face when reasoning over text that includes information involving uncertainty explicitly quantified via probability values. This type of reasoning is relevant to a variety of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Aliakbar Nafar , Kristen Brent Venable , Parisa Kordjamshidi

While LLMs have revolutionized the field of machine learning due to their high performance on a strikingly wide range of problems, they are also known to hallucinate false answers and underperform on less canonical versions of the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Kavi Gupta , Kate Sanders , Armando Solar-Lezama

Multimodal semantic understanding often has to deal with uncertainty, which means the obtained messages tend to refer to multiple targets. Such uncertainty is problematic for our interpretation, including inter- and intra-modal uncertainty.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Yatai Ji , Junjie Wang , Yuan Gong , Lin Zhang , Yanru Zhu , Hongfa Wang , Jiaxing Zhang , Tetsuya Sakai , Yujiu Yang

We investigate whether large language models (LLMs) can predict whether they will succeed on a given task and whether their predictions improve as they progress through multi-step tasks. We also investigate whether LLMs can learn from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Casey O. Barkan , Sid Black , Oliver Sourbut

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for clinical reasoning tasks, which inherently require eliciting calibrated probabilistic beliefs based on available evidence. However, real-world clinical data are frequently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yuta Kobayashi , Vincent Jeanselme , Shalmali Joshi

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) may fail in giving reliable estimates of their predictive uncertainty. We take a close look into this problem, aiming to answer two questions: (1) Do PLMs learn to become calibrated in the training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Yangyi Chen , Lifan Yuan , Ganqu Cui , Zhiyuan Liu , Heng Ji

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across various tasks, with different models excelling in distinct domains and specific abilities. Effectively combining the predictions of multiple LLMs is crucial for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Jizhou Guo

Predicting group behavior, how individuals coordinate, communicate, and interact during collaborative tasks, is essential for designing systems that can support team performance through real-time prediction and realistic simulation of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Diana Romero , Xin Gao , Daniel Khalkhali , Salma Elmalaki

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated unprecedented language understanding and reasoning capabilities to capture diverse user preferences and advance personalized recommendations. Despite the growing interest in LLM-based…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Zihuai Zhao , Wenqi Fan , Yao Wu , Qing Li

We study the probabilistic modeling performed by Autoregressive Large Language Models (LLMs) through the angle of time directionality, addressing a question first raised in (Shannon, 1951). For large enough models, we empirically find a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Vassilis Papadopoulos , Jérémie Wenger , Clément Hongler

Standard evaluations of Large language models (LLMs) focus on task performance, offering limited insight into whether correct behavior reflects appropriate underlying mechanisms and risking confirmation bias. We introduce a simple,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Zoë Prins , Samuele Punzo , Frank Wildenburg , Giovanni Cinà , Sandro Pezzelle

Estimating uncertainty in Large Language Models (LLMs) is important for properly evaluating LLMs, and ensuring safety for users. However, prior approaches to uncertainty estimation focus on the final answer in generated text, ignoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Eric Bigelow , Ari Holtzman , Hidenori Tanaka , Tomer Ullman

Multilingual pretrained language models (MPLMs) exhibit multilinguality and are well suited for transfer across languages. Most MPLMs are trained in an unsupervised fashion and the relationship between their objective and multilinguality is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Sheng Liang , Philipp Dufter , Hinrich Schütze

Transformer language models have achieved state-of-the-art performance for a variety of natural language tasks but have been shown to encode unwanted biases. We evaluate the social biases encoded by transformers trained with the masked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Rahul Zalkikar , Kanchan Chandra

Pretraining NLP models with variants of Masked Language Model (MLM) objectives has recently led to a significant improvements on many tasks. This paper examines the benefits of pretrained models as a function of the number of training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Sinong Wang , Madian Khabsa , Hao Ma

Masked Diffusion Language Models (MDLMs) promise parallel token generation and arbitrary-order decoding, yet it remains unclear to what extent current models truly realize these capabilities. We characterize MDLM behavior along two…

Subjective well-being is a key metric in economic, medical, and policy decision-making. As artificial intelligence provides scalable tools for modelling human outcomes, it is crucial to evaluate whether large language models (LLMs) can…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Pat Pataranutaporn , Nattavudh Powdthavee , Chayapatr Archiwaranguprok , Pattie Maes

The pre-training of masked language models (MLMs) consumes massive computation to achieve good results on downstream NLP tasks, resulting in a large carbon footprint. In the vanilla MLM, the virtual tokens, [MASK]s, act as placeholders and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Baohao Liao , David Thulke , Sanjika Hewavitharana , Hermann Ney , Christof Monz

Autoregressive Large Language Models (LLMs) trained for next-word prediction have demonstrated remarkable proficiency at producing coherent text. But are they equally adept at forming coherent probability judgments? We use probabilistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Jian-Qiao Zhu , Thomas L. Griffiths

Using pre-trained large language models (LLMs) as a backbone for time series prediction has recently attracted growing research interest. Existing approaches typically split time series into patches, map them to the token space of LLMs via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Xinyu Zhang , Shanshan Feng , Xutao Li , Kenghong Lin , Fan Li , Pengfei Jia