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Modern LLM deployments confront a widening cost-performance spectrum: premium models deliver strong reasoning but are expensive, while lightweight models are economical yet brittle on complex tasks. Static escalation rules and keyword…

Stock portfolio optimization is the process of constant re-distribution of money to a pool of various stocks. In this paper, we will formulate the problem such that we can apply Reinforcement Learning for the task properly. To maintain a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Le Trung Hieu

This paper shows how reinforcement learning can be used to derive optimal hedging strategies for derivatives when there are transaction costs. The paper illustrates the approach by showing the difference between using delta hedging and…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-03-31 Jay Cao , Jacky Chen , John Hull , Zissis Poulos

In deep Reinforcement Learning (RL), the learning rate critically influences both stability and performance, yet its optimal value shifts during training as the environment and policy evolve. Standard decay schedulers assume monotonic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Henrique Donâncio , Antoine Barrier , Leah F. South , Florence Forbes

We explore the use of deep reinforcement learning to provide strategies for long term scheduling of hydropower production. We consider a use-case where the aim is to optimise the yearly revenue given week-by-week inflows to the reservoir…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Signe Riemer-Sorensen , Gjert H. Rosenlund

We examine the dynamics of informational efficiency in a market with asymmetrically informed, boundedly rational traders who adaptively learn optimal strategies using simple multiarmed bandit (MAB) algorithms. The strategies available to…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-11-11 Aleksei Pastushkov

The development of reinforced learning methods has extended application to many areas including algorithmic trading. In this paper trading on the stock exchange is interpreted into a game with a Markov property consisting of states,…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-02-28 Evgeny Ponomarev , Ivan Oseledets , Andrzej Cichocki

Achieving safe and coordinated behavior in dynamic, constraint-rich environments remains a major challenge for learning-based control. Pure end-to-end learning often suffers from poor sample efficiency and limited reliability, while…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-10 Max Studt , Georg Schildbach

Uncertainties in renewable generation and demand dynamics challenge day-ahead scheduling. To enhance renewable penetration and maintain intra-day balance, we develop a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework for self-interested…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Junhao Ren , Honglin Gao , Lan Zhao , Qiyu Kang , Gaoxi Xiao , Yajuan Sun

Large language models often struggle with complex long-horizon analytical tasks over unstructured tables, which typically feature hierarchical and bidirectional headers and non-canonical layouts. We formalize this challenge as Deep Tabular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Junnan Dong , Chuang Zhou , Zheng Yuan , Yifei Yu , Qiufeng Wang , Yinghui Li , Siyu An , Di Yin , Xing Sun , Feiyue Huang

We propose a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning framework for quadruped locomotion over challenging terrain. Our approach incorporates a two-layer hierarchy in which a high-level policy (HLP) selects optimal goals for a low-level…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Jeremiah Coholich , Muhammad Ali Murtaza , Seth Hutchinson , Zsolt Kira

Reinforcement learning is a machine learning approach concerned with solving dynamic optimization problems in an almost model-free way by maximizing a reward function in state and action spaces. This property makes it an exciting area of…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-10-12 Miquel Noguer i Alonso , Sonam Srivastava

Medium- to long-horizon equity allocation is challenging due to weak predictive structure, non-stationary market regimes, and the degradation of signals under realistic trading constraints. Conventional approaches often rely on single…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Chongliu Jia , Yi Luo , Sipeng Han , Pengwei Li , Jie Ding , Youshuang Hu , Yimiao Qian , Qiya Wang

Asynchronous trading in high-frequency financial markets introduces significant biases into econometric analysis, distorting risk estimates and leading to suboptimal portfolio decisions. Existing synchronization methods, such as the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-17 Xinbing Kong , Cheng Liu , Bin Wu

In this paper, we present a novel trading strategy that integrates reinforcement learning methods with clustering techniques for portfolio management in multi-period trading. Specifically, we leverage the clustering method to categorize…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-10-03 Zhengyong Jiang , Jeyan Thiayagalingam , Jionglong Su , Jinjun Liang

Algorithmic trading or Financial robots have been conquering the stock markets with their ability to fathom complex statistical trading strategies. But with the recent development of deep learning technologies, these strategies are becoming…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-05-06 Ashish Anil Pawar , Vishnureddy Prashant Muskawar , Ritesh Tiku

Reinforcement learning has traditionally been studied with exponential discounting or the average reward setup, mainly due to their mathematical tractability. However, such frameworks fall short of accurately capturing human behavior, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 S. R. Eshwar , Mayank Motwani , Nibedita Roy , Gugan Thoppe

Most of reinforcement learning algorithms optimize the discounted criterion which is beneficial to accelerate the convergence and reduce the variance of estimates. Although the discounted criterion is appropriate for certain tasks such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Xiaoteng Ma , Xiaohang Tang , Li Xia , Jun Yang , Qianchuan Zhao

This dissertation makes three main contributions. First, We identify a new connection between policy gradient and dynamic programming in MMDPs and propose the Coordinate Ascent Dynamic Programming (CADP) algorithm to compute a Markov policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Xihong Su

Large reasoning models (LRMs) aim to solve diverse and complex problems through structured reasoning. Recent advances in group-based policy optimization methods have shown promise in enabling stable advantage estimation without reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zhizheng Jiang , Kang Zhao , Weikai Xu , Xinkui Lin , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Shuo Shang , Peng Han